现代刑法的法益观:法益二元论的提倡

The Concept of Legal Interest in Modern Criminal Law:The Advocacy of Legal Interest Dualism

现代社会中国家与个人关系的转变,国家任务与刑法任务的改变,引发了法益理论的变革。无论是早期法益一元论还是缓和法益一元论都存在着难以克服的理论缺陷,无法胜任现代刑法的理想型,对此应当倡导法益二元论。二元论也是人本主义法益论,它同样赋予集体法益以批判立法的实质内涵,而且更清晰地表明法益主体不仅包括“我”,还包括“我们”。集体法益适格与否,并非简单取决于能否还原为个人法益,而在于是否具有符合宪法规定的实体性内容。立足中国语境倡导二元论,有利于科学认知新兴法益的概念内涵和功能转型,能够更好地从根基处说明我国当前的刑事立法现状与发展趋势。但是,受传统刑法观的影响,仍然可能存在对集体法益理解不当与适用泛化等问题,对此应理性地理解法益理论,承认法益概念具有功能上限。在立法上,不应忽略辅助性原则与明确性原则的补充限制功能;在司法上,则应以构成要件作为解释具体犯罪的逻辑起点。

In modern society,the relationship between the state and the individual,the task of the state and criminal law have been changed,which has led to the reform of the theory of legal interest.Whether it is the early monism of legal interest or the moderate monism of legal interest has theoretical defects and ca not be the guiding ideal type of modern criminal law.The dualism of legal interest should be advocated.Dualism is also a distinct humanistic theory of legal interest,which shows that the subject of legal interest includes not only“I”but also“We”.Whether collective legal interest is qualified or not is not simply determined by whether it can be reduced to individual legal interest,but whether it has substantive content in line with the constitution.It also gives collective legal interests the substantive conception to criticize the legislation.The dualistic theory of legal interest is conducive to the scientific understanding of the connotation and function of the concept of legal interest,the formation of a positive legislative outlook on criminal law,and the judicial interpretation of the constituent elements.We should avoid misunderstanding of dualism,which may lead to the alienation of the concept of collective legal interests.It is to be admitted that the concept of legal interest has functional upper limit.The restriction of legislation through the principle of Subsidiarity and the principle of clarity on the protection of legal interests should not be neglected.The judicial practice should be guided by the principle of legally prescribed punishment for a specified crime,and take constitutive requirements as the logical starting point to explain specific crimes.