中国教育—工作匹配现状及其影响效应

Education-Job Matching in China and Its Effect

本文结合主观的自我评价法和客观的众数法构建了一个众数自评法新指标,并采用工具变量法纠正测量误差引致的内生性问题,对中国教育—工作匹配现状及其影响效应进行了研究。基于众数自评法的测度结果表明,中国过度教育、适度教育和教育不足的发生率分别为48.15%、30.28%和21.57%。工具变量估计结果显示,与受教育水平相同的处于教育—工作匹配状态的劳动力相比,过度教育者的收入和工作满意度分别低10.7%和45.7%,教育不足者的收入和工作满意度分别高18.1%和30.6%;与相同工作岗位上处于教育—工作匹配状态的劳动力相比,过度教育者的收入高24.7%,而教育不足者的收入以及教育—工作不匹配者的工作满意度则无显著差异。本文的研究表明,中国劳动力市场的配置效率较低,过度教育问题相当突出;工作岗位是中国劳动力市场中决定劳动者收入和工作满意度的主导性因素,加大产业结构转型和升级是解决结构性就业问题的根本出路。

This study creates a new index,the mode of self-assessment method,by combining the subjective self-assessment method and the objective mode method,to examine education-job matching in China. Using the instrumental variable method to correct the endogenous problems caused by measurement error,the study finds that the rates of over-education,required-education and undereducation in China are 48. 15 percent,30. 28 percent and 21. 57 percent respectively. Estimates of instrumental variables show that,compared with workers at the same education level who are in an education-job matched status,the over-educated workers are 10. 7 percent and 45. 7 percent lower in income and job satisfaction respectively;and the under-educated workers are 18. 1 percent and 30. 6 percent higher in income and job satisfaction. Compared with workers in the same work position who are in an education-job matched situation,the over-educated workers have 24. 7 percent higher income,and there are no significant differences with those under-educated workers in income and with the education-job mismatched workers in job satisfaction. The findings imply that China ’ s labor market allocation efficiency is low,and the issue of over-education is quite noteworthy. As jobs predominantly affect income and satisfaction in China ’ s labor market,facilitating the industrial transformation and upgrading industrial structure are the fundamental approaches to solve the problem of structural employment in China.