儿童监护制度的立法问题与完善路径——以“事实无人抚养儿童”问题切入

Legislative Problems and Perfecting Measures of Child Guardianship System——Starting with the Problem of “Factually Unraised Children”

2019年6月18日,民政部公布《关于进一步加强事实无人抚养儿童保障工作的意见》,是对"事实无人抚养儿童"所存在的问题进一步理清和完善。其中对监护责任和监督管理做了较为详细的规定,但仍停留在原则性的意见层面,对儿童监护缺乏立法保护的问题有待解决。由此,遂提出下列建议:须明确公权力以及社会组织介入的条件,在某种程度上,可以突破申请撤销监护人的限制,兼采主动撤销的规定;并且细化监护责任,比如监督监护人侵犯被监护人权益以及向法院申请撤销监护人的监护资格等情形;并系统完善监护监督,包括监护监督选任标准、具体职责、公权机构监督机制以及自主动态监护监督等内容。

On June 18,2019,the Ministry of Civil Affairs issued the Opinions on Further Strengthening the Protection of Factually Unsupported Children,which further improves the problems of"Factually Unsupported Children".Among them,the guardianship responsibility and supervision and management have been stipulated in detail,but still remain principled opinions.On this issue,there is a lack of legislative protection in child guardianship,which needs to be improved.Therefore,we should clarify the conditions for public power and social organizations to intervene.To a certain extent,we can break through the restriction of applying for revocation of guardian and adopt the provision of voluntary revocation,and refine the guardianship responsibility,such as supervising guardian’s infringement on the rights and interests of the guardian and applying to the court for revocation of guardian’s guardianship qualification.The system of guardianship and supervision should be established,the selection criteria of guardianship and supervision should be improved,the specific duties of guardian and supervisor should be stipulated,the supervision mechanism of public authority should be improved,and the multi-department and multi-organization independent and dynamic supervision system of guardianship should be established.