从梁启超“四力”说之“提”力看其接受美学

Liang Qichao’s Aesthetics of Reception Viewed from the “Lifting Force” in His Theory of “Four Forces”

梁启超在《论小说与群治之关系》一文中提到了“四力”,分别为熏、浸、刺、提。四力中,“提”反映了读者接受程度的至高点,是四力中最为核心的观念,这是因为“提之力,自内而脱之使出”、“文字移人,至此而极”,“提”力满足了读者接受心理中突破现有生存状态的要求,是对自我狭隘世界的对抗和超越。同时,梁启超认为,关注读者接受心理是“提”力产生作用之重要条件,即作品应该具有趣味性——但决不包含“下等趣味”,“趣味”既是激发读者阅读兴味的具体方式方法,又是实现的目标,“提”的整个过程是以“趣味”为本质思维特征的。同时,作品应具有平易性、开放性。另外,“提”力的发生应以“崇高”为指向,注重社会功用,以发挥“新民”之作用。

Liang Qichao mentioned“four forces”in his paper“On the Relationship between Fiction and Governance”,which are forces to edify,immerse,stir and lift.Of the four forces,the lifting force reflects the highest extent of the reader’s acceptance;it is the core concept of the four forces because the“lifting force emerges from within”and the influencing force of writings can achieve the ultimate effect through it.The“lifting force”satisfies the reader’s psychological demand to break through the existing status of living and enables him to confront and go beyond the narrow world of self.At the same time,Liang Qichao’s believes attending to the reader’s acceptance is an important condition for the“lifting force”to occur,that is,literary works should be interesting--but never contain“vulgar taste”.“Interest”is not only a specific method of inspiring readers but also the goal to be achieved.The whole process of“lifting”is based on“interest”as the essential feature of thinking.At the same time,works should be accessible and open.In addition,the“lifting force”should take being“sublime”as the direction,take into consideration social functions so that works can serve to edify,educate and empower people.