集聚经济的就业效应:理论机制与经验证据

Employment Effect of Agglomeration Economy: Theoretical Mechanism and Empirical Evidence

就业是关系社会民生的重要问题,深刻理解集聚经济对就业的促进作用具有重要的现实意义。在构建囊括专业化集聚和多样化集聚的就业动态增长模型基础上,本文采用中国工业企业数据及地区投入产出数据,检验两类集聚经济对城市制造业就业的影响,并对两者的作用差异予以解释。结果表明,专业化集聚的行业内溢出效应抑制了城市制造业就业增长,多样化集聚的行业间溢出效应具有显著正向影响,而产业关联效应是其主要作用机制;行业内溢出效应对不同行业和地区的就业增长均为负向影响,而行业间溢出效应由于不同行业和地区的市场环境、技术水平和产业链等存在差异从而具有异质性影响;从微观层面看,相比于专业化集聚,多样化集聚的就业增长效应主要通过促进企业创建和扩大中小企业规模得以实现。

Employment is an important issue related to people′s livelihood. It is of great practical significance to deeply understand the role of agglomeration economy in promoting employment.On the basis of constructing a dynamic growth model of employment, which includes specialized agglomeration and diversified agglomeration, this paper uses the data of Chinese industrial enterprises and regional input-output data to test the impact of two types of agglomeration economy on urban manufacturing employment, and explains the difference between them.The results show that the intra industry spillover effect of specialization agglomeration restrains the employment growth of urban manufacturing industry, and the inter industry spillover effect of diversification agglomeration has a significant positive effect, while the industrial correlation effect is the main mechanism;the intra industry spillover effect has a negative impact on the employment growth of different industries and regions, while the inter industry spillover effect has a heterogeneous impact due to the differences in market environment, technology level and industrial chain of different industries and regions;at the micro level, compared with specialized agglomeration, the employment growth effect of diversified agglomeration is mainly realized by promoting the establishment of enterprises and expanding the scale of small and medium-sized enterprises.