美国学术自由制度研究——以美国大学教授协会“黑名单”制度为例

Research on American Academic Freedom System: A Case Study of “Blacklist” System of The American Association of University Professors

美国大学教授协会成立已逾100年,其“黑名单”制度的施行是贯彻落实其核心原则的重要手段。分析发现,截至2017年,“黑名单”中尚有被谴责高校56所,最早可追溯到1969年。高校被纳入“黑名单”的主要原因有:缺乏学术自由的程序保障;高校财务紧缺证据不足;高校教师任期制度不合理;教师言论问题边界不明;教师权利不足,共同治理缺位。对此,中国在现代大学治理的过程中,应借鉴其相关经验:积极建立第三方组织支持系统和制度保障;建立健全学术自由相关立法和程序保障;实施高校办学经费筹措多元化战略;加强对教学科研人员的考核和监督;引导教师坚持学术自由和学术规范的统一;提高教师参与大学治理的程度和水平。

The American Association of University Professors(AAUP)has been established for more than 100 years.The implementation of its"blacklist"system is an important means of implementing its core principles and has made significant contributions to the maintenance of teachers'rights and tenure and the protection of academic freedom.Through the analysis of the implementation of its"blacklist"system,it shows that 56 colleges and universities have been condemned on the"blacklist"up to 2017,including 18 public universities and 38 private universities,all over the 34 regions in the US,and the earliest condemned one can date back to 1969.The main reasons for the condemnation are the lack of procedural guarantee for academic freedom,the lack of evidence of financial shortage in colleges and universities,the unreasonable system of teachers'tenure,the unclear boundary of teachers'comments,the inadequacy of teachers'rights and the lack of common governance.Hence,we should learn from the relevant experience in the process of modern university governance.We should establish a third-party support system and institutional guarantee.We should establish and improve legislation related to academic freedom and procedural safeguards.We should implement the diversification strategy of college's fund-raising and strengthen the examination and supervision of the teaching staff.We should guide teachers to adhere to the unity of academic freedom and academic norms as well as improving the degree and level of teachers'participation in university governance.