国际高等教育性别结构转变的脉络、条件与趋势——基于全球190个国家和地区的比较分析

The Context,Conditions and Trends of the Gender Structure Transformation of International Higher Education

高等教育性别结构由“男多于女”向“女多于男”转变是国际化的普遍现象。探究国际高等教育性别结构转变的脉络、条件和转变后的趋势,有利于深入理解中国高等教育性别结构转变的发生、发展和演变趋势,且可从性别结构变化之维,丰富高等教育国际化和本土化之间的关系内涵。文章基于全球190个国家和地区的比较分析发现:高等教育性别结构转变的时空秩序不一;“人均GDP达到2000美元以上,同时高等教育进入大众化且女性高等教育毛入学率大于男性”是国际高等教育性别结构转变的普遍条件;高等教育性别结构转变后,女大学生比例高于男生的态势通常不可逆,基本维持在50%~69.5%的区间内。中国高等教育性别结构顺应国际高等教育性别结构转变的潮流和规律,至少在未来中长时期内,中国女大学生比例恒高于男生,日益增多的高学历女性及其带来的“性别红利”将可能成为未来经济增长的重要推力。

The shift in the gender structure of higher education from“male more than female”to“female more than male”is an international phenomenon.Exploring the context,conditions and post-transformation trends of the gender structure transformation of international higher education is conducive to understanding the occurrence,development and evolution of the gender structure transformation of higher education in China.And it can also enrich the relationship between the internationalization and localization of higher education from the dimension of gender structure change.Based on the comparative analysis of 190 countries and regions,it is found that“the per capita GDP reaches more than 2,000US dollars,while the higher education enters into the stage of popularization and the female higher education gross enrollment rate is greater than that of the male”are the general conditions for the transformation of gender structure of international higher education.After the transformation of the gender structure of higher education,the proportion of female college students is basically maintained within the range of 50%-69.5%.The gender structure of higher education in China conforms to the trend and law of the transformation of gender structure of international higher education.The increasing number of highly educated women and the“gender dividend”they bring will become an important impetus for future economic growth.