明清时期中国药业对外交流与贸易——以朝鲜、日本及东南亚各国为考察对象

Foreign Exchange and Trade of Chinese Pharmaceutical Industry in Ming and Qing Dynasties——Taking Korea, Japan and Southeast Asian Countries as Objects of Study

明清时期中国与朝鲜、日本及东南亚各国的医药交流是双向的,既有中国向其他国家的医药输出,也有其他国家对中国的医药输入,交流的内容也十分丰富并有逐步加强之势。中国地大物博,所产药材种类繁多,数量庞大,再加上中医药文化历史悠久,在中外医药交流中居于主导地位。中国对这些国家大量输出药材、医药技术及文化,进口则以其所短缺的药材为主,也有少量的国外医药书籍传入中国。对中国来说,各国药材的输入充实了中国的医药宝库;对亚洲其他国家来说,来自中国的药物、医药文化以及医学人才的不断输入,极大地提高了其医药发展水平,有利于当地民众的疾病防治和身体健康。同时要指出的是,由于受海禁政策的影响,明清时期中外医药贸易和交流也受到了一定制约。

During the Ming and Qing dynasties,China’s medical exchanges with Korea,Japan and southeast Asian countries were two-way,with both China’s medical exports to other countries and China’s medical imports from other countries.China has a vast territory and abundant resources,a large variety of medicinal materials,and a long history of traditional Chinese medicine,which occupies a leading position in sino-foreign medical exchanges.China exports a large number of medicinal materials,medical technology and culture to these countries,while imports are mainly medicinal materials in short supply,and a small number of foreign medical books are introduced into China.For China,the import of medicinal materials from various countries has enriched the treasure house of Chinese medicine.For other Asian countries,the continuous import of Chinese medicine,medical culture and medical talents has greatly improved their medical development level,which is beneficial to the prevention and treatment of diseases and health of local people.At the same time,it should be pointed out that due to the influence of the sea ban policy,the medical trade and exchange between China and foreign countries in the Ming and Qing dynasties were also restricted to some extent.