1930年代的极端气候事件与太湖“退田还湖”

Extreme Climate Events in 1930s and Returning Farmland to Taihu Lake

"退田还湖"的动力源于"围湖造田"妨碍水利。但何时妨碍水利,取决于湖泊水位升降;进而"退田还湖"的周期与极端气候事件紧密关联。尤其特大洪水以极端方式暴露"围湖造田"妨碍水利的严重性,更能引发社会诉求。"退田还湖"的完整过程包括禁围—拆围—界围三个阶段。但所见资料,大都止步于第一阶段。1930年代太湖"退田还湖"的典型性在于,在接连遭遇极端气候事件的冲击下,走完了三个阶段,即1931年大水之后,禁围;1934年大旱之后,拆围;1935年大水之后,界围。通过区域差异比较,"退田还湖"的成效既受制于地理条件,也取决于制度、体制与机制。从某种意义上说,"退田还湖"不仅是政府行为,更是财政意义上的,其成败是由国家财政能力决定的;同时,"疏浚整治"势必相辅而行。否则,即便"退田"也终将无法"还湖"。

The motive force of"returning farmland to lake"is that"reclaiming farmland from lakes"hinders water conservancy.But when it hinders water conservancy depends on the rise and fall of lake level,and then,the cycle of"returning farmland to lake"is closely related to extreme climate events.In particular,catastrophic flood expose the seriousness of"reclaiming land from lakes"hindering water conservancy,which can initiate social appeal.The whole process of"returning farmland to lake"includes three stages,i.e.prohibition of reclamation,dismantling reclamation and boundary reclamation.However,most of existing information stop at the first stage.In 1930 s,the typical nature of Taihu Lake’s"returning to the lake"was that under the impact of extreme climate events,it completed three stages,namely,the prohibition after the flood in 1931,the demolition after the drought in 1934,and the boundary after the flood in 1935.By comparing the regional differences,the effect of"returning farmland to lake"depends not only on the geographical conditions,but also on the system,institutions and mechanisms.In a sense,"returning farmland to lake"is not only a government action,but also a financial sense.Its success or failure is determined by the state’s financial capacity.At the same time,"dredging regulating"is bound to be complementary to each other.Otherwise,even returning farmland will not be able to return the lake.