《毛诗》经学阐释与唐代“比兴”诗学观

Confucian Interpretation of Mao Shi and the Poetics Theory of “Bi Xing” in the Tang Dynasty

唐代"比兴"诗学观的演进,与《毛诗》经学阐释有着密切关系。以孔颖达为代表的《毛诗》经学以"六义"之学、"风雅比兴"之旨论诗,将"比兴"之说与现实人生紧密相联,提出"风雅之诗,缘政而作""诗述民志,乐歌民志"一系列命题,对唐代"比兴"诗学观的形成产生了精神实质上的影响。《毛诗》经学以"比兴"论诗,不仅进行经学意义上的还原,而且继承了魏晋以来的审美批评成果,它突出地表现在"兴"义的阐发和对"兴"的情感感发功能重视上。"兴必取象"命题的提出和对诗歌声律的重视,也是《毛诗》经学阐释对"比兴"诗学所做出的理论贡献,前者实现了诗之比兴与易象之间的沟通,促成了"兴象"审美范畴的形成,后者扭转了声义分离、专注于"比兴"义理说诗的倾向,推动了唐代诗歌艺术的发展。清楚梳理以孔颖达为代表的《毛诗》经学的"比兴"之说与唐代"比兴"诗学观的关系,对于把握唐代"比兴"诗学的精神内涵以及整个唐代诗学理论的建构,有着重要的意义。

The evolution of the poetics of "Bi Xing"in Tang Dynasty was closely related to Confucian interpretation of Mao Shi.Confucian interpretation of Mao Shi represented by Kong Yingda was based on the poetics theory of"Six Meanings"and the"Feng Ya Bi Xing"."Bi Xing"was closely related to the real life. It put forward a series of propositions such as the"Fashionable Poetry based on politics","Poetry about folk chronicles,music and songs on folk chronicles",which had a spiritual and substantial impact on the formation of the poetics theory of"Bi Xing"in the Tang Dynasty. Mao Shi classics studied the poetry based on"Bi Xing",which not only restored the meaning of the classics,but also inherited the aesthetic criticism since the Wei and Jin Dynasties. It was prominently expressed in the interpretation of "Xing"and the feeling function of "Xing". The proposition of the "Xing will take image"and the emphasis on the sound rhythm of poetry were the theoretical contributions made by the Confucian interpretation of Mao Shi to the"Bi Xing"poetics. The former realized the communication between "Bi Xing"and image and promoted the formation of the aesthetic category of "Xing Xiang". The latter reversed the separation of sound and meaning,focused on poetics interpretation based on the "Bi Xing"and promoted the development of poetry art in the Tang Dynasty. It is of great significance to understand the spiritual connotation of "Bi Xing"of Confucian interpretation of Mao Shi and the construction of the whole poetics theory of Tang Dynasty by clearly sorting out the relationship between the theory of"Bi Xing"and the poetics of Tang Dynasty.