清水江流域苗侗地区“田边地角”的权属与经营特征——以清水江文书为中心

Ownership and Management Characteristics of Agricultural Headlands in the Miao and Dong Areas of the Qingshuijiang Basin in Guizhou Revealed in Qingshuijiang Documents

清水江文书有关田地买卖,多涉及"田边地角"的权属交易,这是清水江文书区别于其它区域田地买卖契约的最大特色,构成混农林经济的显著特征。"田边地角"确认林地和田地的边界,是了解"林农兼作"的切入点。田主对"田边地角"一定范围内的树木和荒地享有所有权,在田地买卖中可以保留或出售。"田边地角"所涉的田地多为岭子田和山冲田,且常分布于群山环抱的林地中,因而多用于种植禾,故林间开辟田地种植禾是林间套种的特殊方式,而"田边地角"的荒地多用于种植旱禾以及培植以杉树为主的林木。"杉禾间作"是清水江流域苗侗民族林粮间作的主要方式。

The land sales recorded in Qingshuijiang Documents are mostly related to the change of the ownership of agricultural headlands, which is the most typical feature much different from other land sale contracts in other regions and has remarkable characteristics of the mixed agroforestry economy. The boundary of forestland and farmland is confirmed by the agricultural headlands, which is the entry point for us to understand the agroforestry system. The landowner has the ownership of the trees and wasteland within a given headland, which can be retained or sold. Agricultural headlands are mostly in the mountains or in the valleys, and often in the woodlands in mountains, so they are mostly used to plant traditional rice/crop, which is a kind of relay cropping. The waste headlands are often used to grow upland rice/crop or trees such as fir. The intercropping of fir and rice is the major means of the agroforestry system of the Miaos and the Dongs in the Qingshuijiang Basin in Guizhou.