国企改革引入竞争中性的正当性及实现路径——以新兴经济体的实践经验为镜鉴

The Legitimacy and Realization Path of Introducing Competitive Neutrality in State-owned Enterprises Reform——Taking the Experience of Emerging Economies as Reference

改革开放以来,国企改革的重心是将国企改造为独立自主的竞争主体。但是,当国企以一个"正常的"竞争者的角色进入市场以后,其凭借监管、税收、融资等倾斜性政策而攫取竞争优势,会对私企产生"挤出效应";在国际层面,竞争中性成为西方国家继国家安全审查之后限制国企对外投资的新工具。国企改革引入竞争中性能妥适解决上述"内忧外患"。我国引入竞争中性应通察发达经济体、尤其是倚重国企的新兴经济体的经验与教训,坚持以所有制中立为前提,采取嵌入式和渐进式的改革进路,并通过"一带一路"倡议向世界推广中国方案,积极参与竞争中性国际规则的再造。具体路径上,应秉持"入乎其内、出乎其外"的方法论,从国企内部结构优化和外部竞争环境塑造两方面推进竞争中性改革。

Since the reform and opening-up,the reform of state-owned enterprises( SOEs) has focused on transforming SOEs into independent competitive undertakings. However,when SOEs enter the market as "normal"competitors,they gain competitive advantages through biased policies on supervision,taxation,financing,etc. and produce "extrusion effect";at the international market level,competitive neutrality,apart from national security review,has become a new constraint on SOEs’ foreign investments.The introduction of competitive neutrality in SOEs reform of China should draw lessons from the experiences and lessons of developed economies,especially emerging economies that rely more on SOEs. China should adhere to the premise of ownership neutrality,adopt an embedded and gradual approach to reform,propose China’s model to the world through the "Belt and Road"initiative,and actively participate in the re-creation of international rules of competitive neutrality. As for concrete measures,it is necessary to promote competitive neutrality from both the optimization of SOEs’ internal structure and the shaping of the external competitive environment.