托茂再考

Re-investigating Tuomao People

托茂人处在蒙与回的历史之间,曾被视为汉回、缠回之外的蒙藏回,其族源是蒙古还是回回,渊源于河西还是河套,"托茂"一词是汉语还是藏语,先有"托茂"还是"托茂公旗"?本文综合文献资料、田野考察及前人成果认为,托茂人的族源较为丰富,有蒙古人,有回回人,有维吾尔人,有藏人,有汉人。作为蒙藏回,既是蒙藏人回化的结果,也是回回蒙藏化的结果,其源于蒙古,也源于回回。它跟明中期从河套移牧青海的亦卜剌等可能有渊源关系,还跟漠西和硕特蒙古顾实汗所部有关,亦跟河西回回有较多渊源,之后还有察合台汗国后裔"海里亥达子"等加入。托茂作为一个部落名,最可能的是一种自称,从语言上很难追溯其意义,一如汉、回、藏等群体名。"托茂"现象,是观察中国大地上多民族融合、多文化共生的绝佳案例。

Tuomao people is between Mongalian and Hui nationality,who once was considered as Mongolian-Tibetan Hui besides Hanhui and Chanhui,was its ethnic origin Mongolian or Huihui?Was its origin in Hexi or Hetao?Was the word Tuomao from Chinese or Tibetan?Which was firstly appeared,Tuomao or Tuomao Gongqi?According to various document literature,field investigation and previous findsing the paper achieved the result that it has different ethnic origins,including Mongolian,Huihui,Uigur,Tibetan and Han people.As Mongolian-Tibetan Hui,the group was influenced both by Mongolian,Tibetan and Hui.It may has connection with Ibrahim who transferred from Hetao to Qinghai for the reason of grazing during the Mid-Ming Dynasty,also related with Gu Shi Khan tribes of Moxi and Shuote,and closely related with Huihui of Hexi and later the descendants of Chakatai Khanate joined in.As the name of a tribe,it was most likely the name called by themselves,so it is hard to search for the meaning linguistically.The phenomenon of Tuomao is the best case to survey ethnic fusion and multicultural symbiosis on the land of China.