认罪认罚从宽中的特殊不起诉

Special Non-Prosecution for Confession and Acceptation of Punishment

2018年刑事诉讼法增设了特殊不起诉,其适用条件之一“重大立功”应比照酌定不起诉中作为免除刑罚情节的“重大立功”作限缩解释,限定为特别重大立功。这种情形下的不起诉在理论上可视为基于利益权衡原理对域外追诉协助型污点证人制度的引入。特殊不起诉的另一适用条件“案件涉及国家重大利益”则是对我国起诉便宜实践的扩展,可比照刑法第63条第2款“案件的特殊情况”的规定厘清其内涵。特殊不起诉的核准机关是最高人民检察院。最高的审批层级、极少的案件量以及审慎的决定程序,限制了特殊不起诉的事后救济渠道和制约路径。值得注意的是,特殊不起诉中选择性起诉的规定折射出协商性司法中“罪数协商”、以刑事案件为刑事诉讼客体在我国立法和司法中的发展和深化。

The 2018 Chinese Criminal Procedure Law introduces a special non-prosecution system. The first applicable situation of this system is "major meritorious act", which should be narrowly interpreted as "extraordinarily major meritorious act". It is equivalent to the "major meritorious act" in the application of discretionary non-prosecution. In theory, this kind of non-prosecution can be regarded as the introduction of foreign "prosecution-assisted" tainted witness system under the principle of balance of interests. Another situation to which special non-prosecution is applicable is "a case involving any major national interest". Such a case extends the scope of discretionary prosecution in China and can be interpreted in the same way as "special circumstances of the case" in Article 63 Paragraph 2 of the Chinese Criminal Law. In addition, the Supreme People’s Procuratorate has the exclusive authority of approving special non-prosecution. The highest-level approving authority, the small number of cases, and the prudent decision-making process have reduced the channels of ex post facto remedy for and constraints on special non-prosecution. It is worth noting that the provision on selective prosecution in special non-prosecution reflects the latest developments of the theory of "crime negotiation" and the theory of "litigation object".