多维视角下公平分担损失请求权的理论基础与裁判构造

A Multi-dimensional View of the Theoretical Basis and Judgement Structure of the Claim for Equitable Sharing of Loss

从请求权的一般法理出发,《侵权责任法》第24条规定的内容可以成立私法上的请求权,即法律并不禁止受害人据此要求行为人分担一定损失,并受领且保有该给付。从诉讼要件的一般法理出发,目前尚不具备否定公平分担损失请求权可诉性的条件。从要件事实理论的一般法理出发,“实际情况”的表述既不满足攻击防御方法具体性和特定性的要求,“当事人没有过错”的要件也无法在攻击防御方法体系中获得符合法律逻辑的配置,因此不宜将公平分担损失请求权作为案件诉讼标的。诉讼中,应由法院在该条适用范围内依职权适用,在与本案诉讼请求的关系上,法官应注意对处分原则和辩论原则的遵守。

In terms of the general legal principle of the right of claim,the stipulation in Article 24 of the Tort Liability Law can establish the right of claim in private law,i.e.,the law does not forbid the victim to demand that the actor share the loss,or to take and keep the payment.With regard to the general jurisprudence of prerequisite in lawsuit,conditions are not yet ripe to deny justiciability claim for equitable sharing of loss.And with the view of the legal principle of the theory of ultimate facts,neither“the actual situation”satisfies the requirements for concrete and specific methods of attacking and defending,nor does the ultimate fact of“no fault party”secure a legal logical configuration in the attacking and defending methodological system.Therefore,it is inappropriate to make the claim for equitable sharing of loss the object of action in a case.Instead,it is advisable that the court should apply ex officio under applicable law in a lawsuit,and the judge should abide by the principle of disposition and the principle of debate when handling the relationship between claims.