稻作农业文化遗产及其保护与发展探讨

Rice Agricultural Heritage and its Conservation and Development

稻作农业文化遗产是指以水稻种植为基础,包括传统稻作品种资源、稻作技术、稻作文化和稻田景观等要素在内的传统稻作生产系统,是农业文化遗产中的一种重要类型。本文以被联合国粮农组织认定的全球重要农业文化遗产、农业农村部认定的中国重要农业文化遗产以及2016年第一次全国农业文化遗产普查结果为基础,从类型与价值、保护中的主要问题与动态保护途径等方面对稻作农业文化遗产进行了阐述。稻作农业文化遗产可以分为稻作起源类、稻渔共生类、稻作梯田类、贡米生产类和稻旱轮作类等5种类型,具有一般农业文化遗产所具有的6个重要价值,包括生态与环境价值、经济与生计价值、社会与文化价值、科研与教育价值和推广与示范价值。稻作农业文化遗产保护与传承中的问题主要表现在稻田景观破坏、传统稻作文化丧失、水稻品种资源及相关生物多样性减少和传统稻作技术丧失等方面,当前稻作农业文化遗产保护应特别重视多功能农业发展和保护与管理制度建设,以有效解决上述问题。

Rice agricultural heritage,an importantant kind of agricultural heritage,refers to the traditional rice production system,which is based on rice cultivation,possessing rice cultivation skill,rice species,rice culture and paddy landscape.This paper expounds the type and value of rice agriculture heritage,as well as the challenge and main approach of the dynamic conservation of it.This analysis is based on the status quo of agricultural heritage designation,including Globally Important Heritage Systems(GIAHS)designated by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO),China Nationally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(China-NIAHS)designated by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China,and the results of the first agriculturai heritage national census in 2016.The rice agricultural heritage systems could be divided into five categories,i.e.rice origin type,rice-fish symbiosis type,rice terraced type,royal rice production type,and drought & paddy rotating type.The rice agricultural heritage systems has ecological and environmental value,economic and livelihood value,social and cultural value,scientific research and educational value,promotion and demonstration value.The conservation and inherition of rice agricultural heritage is up against many challenges,mainly appears as the destruction of paddy landscape,the loss of traditional rice culture,the decline of rice diversity,and the die of rice cultivation skills,etc.In order to improve the problem of rice agricultural heritage conservation,it is urged that we should pay more attention to the deveiopment of multi-function agricultural and the construction of conservation together with management regimen.