从“忠君”到“为民”:中国古代思想政治教育的历史镜鉴

From “Loyal to the Emperor" to “for the People": the Enlightenment of Chinese Ancient Ideological and Political Education to Modern Times

中国古代的思想政治教育历史悠久,内容丰富,体系完善,有着鲜明的时代特征:统治者越来越重视,措施也越来越完善,使思想政治教育成为中国历代最基本的统治手段;以儒家思想及其礼仪规范(礼教)为核心内容,以儒家化的法律为保障,形成“礼法结合”“以刑弼教”的基本模式;是一个系统工程,涉及社会的方方面面,并塑造着中国的政治文化传统。中国古代思想政治教育的历史经验表明,在国家利益与个人利益高度统一的现代社会,思想政治教育应着眼于人的终身幸福和全面发展,培育公民良好的政治素养和社会人格,需要:践行民主,完成从“忠君”向“为民”的现代转向;开启民智,实现从“臣民”到“公民”的转变;关注民生,实现从“弱民”到“强民”的转变。唯有如此,国家才能真正得到人民的拥护,政权才能永远立于不败之地,从而真正实现人的全面发展和社会的长治久安。

With a long history,rich content,complete system,the ideological and political education in ancient China has distinct characteristics of the times:first,rulers paid more and more attention to it,and the measures became more and more perfect,which made the ideological and political education became the most basic ruling means in the past dynasties in China;second,taking Confucianism and its etiquette norms(the Confucian ethical code)as the core content and the law of Confucianism as the guarantee,the basic mode of“combination of etiquette and law”and“education with punishment”is formed;third,it is a systematic project,involving all aspects of society,and shaping China's political and cultural tradition.The historical experience of ancient ideological and political education tells us that in the modern society where national interests and personal interests are highly unified,ideological and political education should focus on people's lifelong happiness and all-round development,and cultivate citizens'good political accomplishment and social personality.It needs to take actions as follows:first,practicing the concept of democracy and realizing the modern shift from“loyal to the emperor”to“for the people”;second,cultivating people's intellect and realizing the transformation from“subjects”to“citizens”;third,focusing on people's livelihood and realizing the transformation from“weak people”to“strong people”.Only in this way can the country really get the support of the people,and the political power can always stand in an invincible position,so as to truly realize the all-round development of human beings and the long-term stability of society.