中国地裂缝的发育特征及成因机制研究——以汾渭盆地、河北平原、苏锡常平原为例

Characteristics and mechanism of earth fissures in China: A case study of Fenhe River—Weihe River basin, Hebei plain and Suzhou—Wuxi—Changzhou plain

地裂缝的发育特征及成因机制研究是正确认识地裂缝的关键一环,也是科学防灾减灾的必要前提.本文吸收了汾渭盆地、河北平原、苏锡常平原在近年里涌现出的一系列重要成果,并以这三地为例,分析总结了中国地裂缝的发育特征和成因机制.文章最后还对地裂缝分析研究方法的最新进展进行了梳理和介绍.研究结果表明:①中国地裂缝以汾渭盆地、河北平原以及苏锡常平原的最为典型,三地地裂缝的空间分布受地质构造和古地理因素作用和影响,各具特点;②中国地裂缝的形成发育既受控于地质条件,又与抽水活动动态响应,不同成因的地裂缝在几何形态上具有不同表现;③"断层蠕滑"和"抽水活动"是主导中国地裂缝形成的最基本和最重要的两种动力条件,相应的两种成因机制分别在构造活动较强的地区和地下水超采的地区应用良好.

Characterization and mechanism study is a key to achieve comprehensive understanding of earth fissure and is also a necessary prerequisite to prevent and reduce fissure disaster. This paper absorbed the essence of recent earth fissure researches in Fenhe-Weihe(Fen-Wei) basin, Hebei plain and Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou(Su-Xi-Chang) plain. Take earth fissures in the three places mentioned above as examples, characteristics and mechanism of Chinese earth fissures were analyzed and summarized. At the end, this paper reviews recent developments on the methods and techniques for earth fissure study. This paper concludes that: ① Chinese earth fissures can be represented by which generated in Fen-Wei basin, Hebei plain and Su-Xi-Chang plain with diverse characteristics of spatial distribution influenced by tectonic and paleogeographic factors;② formation and development of earth fissures, in China, are not only controlled by tectonics and geological setting, but also have dynamic response to pumping;③ earth fissures formed through different process in each of the three areas, displaying distinctive geometric feathers;④ "fault creeping" and "pumping activity" are the two most basic and important dynamic factors among all causes and respectively, dominated the formation of earth fissures in active tectonic region(such as Fen-Wei basin, Hebei plain) and in groundwater over-exploited region(such as Su-Xi-Chang plain).