基于“地方场域”视角的中国旅游研究反思

Reflection on China’s tourism study based on the perspective of field of place

旅游作为一种社会实践在政治经济发展和社会文化变迁中起着重要的作用。中国改革开放40年在见证旅游蓬勃发展的同时,也产生出了诸多令人担忧的自然环境和社会问题。新时代背景下,党的十九大对中国旅游发展提出了新的要求,需要我们重新反思当前的旅游发展模式和未来发展理念。鉴此,本文在考查西方当前旅游发展和研究趋势特点的基础上,结合中国旅游发展和研究的现状,针对旅游研究理念亟待创新的要求,提出"地方场域"这一理论框架。文章基于重构地方本体论的讨论,将旅游、邂逅与地方整合进相互关联的框架中,旅游可以概念化为:人与人以及人与非人等流动性主体通过邂逅和相遇的过程,所形塑的不断变化的有关经验性的、体验性的、反思性的以及实践性的地方场域(个体旅游场域)。旅游场域是一个不断变动的过程,也是一个交织着权力关系的政治化实践过程,是不同旅游主体所建构的地方场域之间冲突和融合的总体(总体旅游场域)。研究强调了有意义的时空相遇过程,不期而遇(邂逅)和平常的遇见(相遇)二者结合在一起才能共同反映旅游的日常生活化真谛。最后,本文从旅游发展自身的改变和旅游研究的改变入手,提出基于地方实践、基于批判反思、基于技术变革、基于参与共建和基于跨学科研究这五种知识生产模式抑或称之为未来的研究方向,以期打开未来旅游研究的本体论政治议程的对话窗口,并为新时代旅游发展和学术研究提供借鉴参考。

Tourism, as a social practice, plays an important role in political and economic development as well as in social and cultural changes. The 19 th National Congress of the Communist Party in 2012 has set up new goals for China’s tourism. It is necessary for us to rethink current ways of tourism development and its future with the perspective of new era. In view of this, this research, based on the study of tourism development and characteristics of current tourism in the West, examined China’s tourism features. This paper proposes a theoretical framework about"field of place". Based on the discussion of ontology of place, the article integrates tourism, encounter and place into an interrelated framework to conceptualize tourism as: the empirical, experiential, reflective and practical fields of place that are shaped by the process of encounter of human and non-human. The field of tourism is a dynamic system,and it is also a politicized practice process that constantly changes and interweaves with conflict and compromising. This research emphasizes a meaningful temporal and special process of encounter. Only through a combination of unexpected encounters and daily encounters, can the truth of tourism be reflected. Compared to the classic tourism geography model(from the perspective of spatial format, the tourism system is a spatial system in which the tourist-generating areas and the tourist-receiving areas interact through the tourist routes),the field of tourism is actually a dynamic spatial relationship of mobility shaped through the process of encountering and meeting where the absence and the presence are intertwined, both of which are composed of human and non-human. The field of tourism model breaks through the limitations of dichotomy where the tourist-generating areas and the tourist-receiving areas are separated. The version of field of tourism is more a research epistemology and research perspective than a research paradigm. Finally, with the change of tourism development and tourism research, this paper proposes five kinds of knowledge production mode and research direction based on local practice, critical reflection, technological change, participation and interdisciplinary research. This paper tries to bring a dialogue on the ontological political agenda and provide a guidance for future tourism research.