现代化、国家安全与对外援助——中国援非政策演变再思考(1970—1983)

Modernization,National Security and Foreign Aid——Revisiting China’s Aid to Africa(1970—1983)

20世纪七八十年代,中国对非援助政策发生了由"援助换政治"到"援助推发展"的演变,通过调整力度与广度的界限,援助重心由实现革命外交转至现代化发展与国家安全战略。由于在安哥拉内战中未能建立"反帝反霸统一战线","以苏划线"的政策使中非关系陷入困境,加之国内政局变动,中国自1976年开始着手改变援非政策,逐步摒弃"以援助换政治"的原则,乃至放弃援助莫桑比克以改善自身在非洲的战略困境。改革开放道路确定之后,资源有限前提下的现代化战略开始限制对非援助的规模与让渡性,并以此形成对外援助政策的上限。同时,以反苏为主线的国家安全战略促使中国提高对第三世界的战略定位。在亚洲建立并支撑两个战略支点的同时,中国在非洲维系最低限度的援助以干扰苏联的全球部署。这一时期中国的对非援助政策在由国家安全和现代化两大关键因素构成的合理战略区间内灵活调整,进而援外部门通过将无偿援助与军售、有偿项目承包等国际经济合作措施相结合,开始实现援助与收益的平衡,有效化解了现代化和国家安全之间的张力。与现代化道路和国家安全战略维持动态平衡,是改革开放以来三十多年中国对外援助良性持续的根本前提。

During the 1970 sand 1980 s,China’s aid to Africa underwent a farreaching transformation in its strategic orientation from world revolution and geopolitics toward China’s national security and modernization cause.Such a transformation was achieved through adjustment of the scale and coverage of the aid.Because of the setback in building an"international united front of antiimperialism and anti-hegemonism"during the Angolan civil war,and the difficult situation of the Sino-African relations caused by China’s"anti-Soviet"policy,China had to reform its aid strategy to Africa.Since 1976,the principle of"aid for political support"had been progressively abandoned by Beijing.As the reform and opening-up was launched,Deng Xiaoping insisted that China’s limited resources should serve its own modernization cause first.Therefore,China’s aid to Africa shrank in both scale and coverage.Meanwhile,the"anti-Soviet"national security strategy forced Beijing to relocate its strategy in the Third World.Hence,China’s aid policy toward Africa started to fluctuate within the interval defined by two critical strategic elements,"modernization"and"national security".China successfully conducted a kind of balanced aid to Africa by combining the non-reimbursable assistance,military sales and commercial project constructions,and thus defused the tension between modernization and national security.In short,since the reform and opening-up,achieving dynamic equilibrium among foreign aid,modernization and national security has been a fundamental premise of China’s sustainable foreign aid.