小说观的“翻转”与小说史重写——从《四库全书总目》到文学学科教材

"Thranslation and transferring over" of Novel View and Rewriting of Chinese Ancient Fiction History, from the Si Ku Quan Shu Zong Mu to Textbooks of Literature Discipline

《四库全书总目》在传统小说观念、钦定官学姿态以及艺文书目的矩法束缚下,甄录小说中“考证欲详”“有裨于史”者,以期能够“广见闻”“资考证”“寓劝诫”,雅驯小说遂成为“正项”;而“叙述欲详”“猥鄙荒诞”的通俗小说作为“异项”被弃收和边缘化。《总目》所构建的知识体系被清末舶来的现代学科所取代,文学学科教材作为新的小说批评者以群体的形式出现。通俗小说“翻转”成“正项”除表现在通俗小说强势占据文学史、小说史章节以及语文教材小说选文之外,还在于通俗小说自身的内涵与外延扩张,如将弹词纳入小说范畴。作为小说史身份的《总目》小说家类提要包孕小说发展历程,可以打破“中国之小说自来无史,有史自鲁迅始”的约定俗成,以期在重写小说史语境中实现“正项”与“异项”双峰并举的局面。

Under the shackles of the traditional novel concept,the official attitude and the art and literature bibliography,the Si Ku Quan Shu Zong Mu screened those who wanted to make a detailed study and were beneficial to the history,so as to be able to"see widely","make a textual research"and"put admonition"in the novels,and then the elegant and tame novels became"the unmarked"ones;while the popular novels which wanted to make a detailed description and"obscene and absurd"were abandoned and marginalized as"the marked".The knowledge system constructed by the Si Ku Quan Shu Zong Mu was replaced by modern subjects imported from the late Qing Dynasty.As a new novel gatekeeper,literature textbooks appeared in the form of groups.The"Thranslating and transferring"of popular novels into"the unmarked"is not only reflected in the fact that popular novels occupying literature history,more chapters of novel history and selected articles in Chinese textbooks,but also which is in the expansion of the connotation and extension of popular novels,such as the inclusion of Tan Ci in the category of novels.As the identity of the history of novels,the general catalogue contains the development process of novels,which can break the Convention of"Chinese novels have no history since they came,and have history since Lu Xun",in order to achieve the situation of"the unmarked"and"the marked"simultaneously in the context of rewriting the history of novels.