“万方有罪,罪在朕躬”:宋代皇帝罪己现象之考察

An Analysis of the Causes of the Emperor ’s Self-accusation in the Song Dynasty

天谴思想、民本文化和儒学的发展演变,从思想文化上有助于两宋皇帝罪己观念的养成。罪己观的形成同样也是出于政治需要,是人君证明其"天子"身份诉求、获取臣民信任和调整政策的契机。作为天水一朝祖宗家法的重要一环,与罪己责躬相关的教育贯穿大多数宋代帝王的一生。两宋士大夫政治主体意识的加强和与君王"共治天下"的责任感,促使他们更加自主地监督君主,推动统治者在潜移默化中关注自省自查。除此之外,游牧民族连绵不断的内侵也是激发宋代帝王罪己责躬的因素之一。

The thought of the wrath of heaven, the idea of loving for people and the development of Confucianism cultivated the idea of emperors’ self-examination in the Song Dynasty. The rulers of ancient China have supreme power. The legitimacy and rationality of this power need to be proved. The emperor blamed himself to prove the identity as a ruler. They also wanted to obtain the trust of people and adjust policy through self-accusation. Self-accusation is one of the laws handed down from forefathers. The education associated with it went through most of the emperor’s life in the Song Dynasty. The scholar-bureaucrats of the Song Dynasty created the consciousness of subjects, common recognition and participation. They urged monarch of the Song Dynasty to pay more attention to self-examination subtly. In addition, the constantly approaching of Nomadic Nationalities also inspired the emperors to blame themselves in the Song Dynasty.