约瑟夫·张伯伦关税改革运动中的经济思想研究

The Exploration of Economic notes in Joseph Chamberalin’s Economy and Tariff Reform Campaign

19世纪后期,英国的工业和农业呈现出不同程度的衰退,同时,以金融和航运为代表的无形贸易获得了空前的发展。复杂的经济环境,为帝国特惠制和报复性关税主张的发展提供了成长的空间。同一时期,得益于无形贸易的发展,自由贸易理论仍然居于主导地位。1903年5月,时任英国殖民大臣的约瑟夫 张伯伦发动了一场意在改变英国自由贸易制度的关税改革运动。随着运动的深入开展,三种经济理论都获得了广泛的关注,得到了很大的发展。这就产生了一个很有意思的现象:站在不同的角度和出发点,每一种理论都能从英国社会经济生活中找到无数的事例来支持自己的观点,这就使得面对着同一种经济环境,三种不尽相同甚至针锋相对的观点可以并存,并展开激烈的交锋。在本文中,笔者拟从介绍和分析三种不同的经济观点入手,来展示这一时期复杂的经济现象,并揭示各种理论之间的差异和产生分歧的根本原因。

British economy has fallen down its peak and into a long-period comparative decline since 1870s.Problems in agriculture,industry and trade have been worsen,with finance and shipping experiencing great development.Complicated condition drove the rise of the theory of Imperial Preference and Retaliation.Benefiting from the accumulated wealth of invisible trade,the theory of Free Trade still played an dominant role in British economic field.Joseph Chamberlain,the Secretary of British Colonial started the Tariff Reform Champion,a movement with the purpose to modify the policy of Free Trade carried out in 1903.With the extension of this movement,the three theories had great influences on British society.The complicated situation in the turning point of the 20th century provides various materials and examples for the development of theories which are similar and different.Therefore,the conflicts among three theories are shown in the same period of a certain country.