竞技职业化与古代奥运会转型分析

On Athletic Professionalism and Transformation of the Ancient Olympic Games

古代奥运会是古希腊历史中极为璀璨的一笔,也是古希腊社会文化较为完整的缩影。作为古希腊人日常健身与宗教活动密切结合的产物,古代奥运会在其发展初期,表现出了十分明显的宗教特征和业余倾向。竞技职业化是伴随着古希腊社会奴隶制度的发展而产生的;在公元前5世纪,特别是伯罗奔尼撒战争之后,其逐渐成为了古代奥运会中的普遍现象。尽管竞技职业化有悖于奥林匹克的传统精神,加剧了竞技的商业性,同时也在一定程度上导致了竞技者身心发展的不平衡,但是其有助于古希腊体育训练机制的完善、竞技理论的进步以及竞技者实际水平的提升,并且也深刻地影响了当时希腊社会的生活、思想和文化。因此,关于它的褒贬,在学界一直存有争议。奥运会中的竞技职业化是一种体育现象,但它更是古希腊人在面对社会发展,尤其是城邦制度式微和世俗文化兴盛时,自身心理状态和竞技观念发生转变的体现。由于竞技职业化的盛行几乎与古代奥运会的衰落在时间上同步,导致有些研究认为,前者是后者的直接原因,这类说法存在可商榷之处。认为,竞技职业化应被视为古代奥运会转型的表现。

The ancient Olympic Games are a quite brilliant one in the ancient Greek history,and also a nearly complete microcosm of the social culture in ancient Greece. As a product of the close integration of the ancient Greek’s daily exercise and religious activities,the ancient Olympic Games showed very obvious religious characteristics and amateur tendencies in the early stage of their development. Athletic professionalism was born with the development of slavery in ancient Greek society and gradually became a common phenomenon in the ancient Olympic Games after the 5 th century BC,especially after the Peloponnesian War. Although athletic professionalism went against the traditional spirit of the Olympics,aggravated the commercial nature of competition and at the same time it led to the imbalance of the athletes’ physical and mental development to a certain extent,but it contributed to the improvement of the sports training system in ancient Greece,the advancement of the competitive theory and the promotion of the actual level of the athletes,while also profoundly affecting the life,thoughts and culture of Greek society at the time. Therefore,the comments on it are always controversial in the academic world. The athletic professionalism in the Olympic Games was a sport phenomenon,but it was also the embodiment of the change of the mental state and the competitive concept of the Greeks in the face of the social development,especially the decline of the city-state system and the prosperity of secular culture. Because the prevalence of the athletic professionalism is similar in time to the decline of the ancient Olympic Games,some studies believe that the former is the direct cause of the latter,but such claim is debatable.This paper believes that athletic professionalism should be regarded as the performance of the transformation of the ancient Olympic Games.