2019年春季气象干旱灾害对特色作物的影响

Effects of Meteorological Drought Disasters on Characteristic Crops in Spring of 2019

2019年4月中旬至5月下旬,贵州西部地区出现较重的气象干旱灾害天气,对特色作物生长发育影响较大。为了全面分析此次气象干旱灾害对猕猴桃、刺梨、茶叶、蔬菜等特色作物生产造成的影响,利用贵州西部219个区域自动气象站的日平均气温、降水量以及水城、盘州、六枝3个国家气象观测站日平均气温、降水量、蒸发量等资料,选用积温干燥度指数作为气象干旱指标,分析气象干旱灾害对特色作物的影响。结果表明,2019年4月中旬至5月下旬贵州西部各乡镇累积降水量大多在25~100 mm之间,较常年同期偏少40%~85%,且降水空间分布不均;各乡镇平均气温大多在17~21℃之间,较常年同期偏高0.5~4.5℃,且以六枝牂牁镇25.0℃为最高。盘州降水量比常年同期偏少85%,其积温干燥度指数高达9.032℃·d/mm;水城降水量比常年同期偏少70%,其积温干燥度指数为4.493℃·d/mm;六枝降水量比常年同期偏少69%,其积温干燥度指数为3.477℃·d/mm。盘州干旱最重,其次是水城,再次是六枝。积温干燥度指数真实体现了贵州西部2019年春季气象干旱程度。

The severe meteorological drought disaster weather occurred in western Guizhou from mid-April to late May of 2019,which had a great impact on the growth and development of characteristic crops.In order to comprehensively analyze the impacts of the meteorological drought disaster on the production of characteristic crops,such as kiwifruit,thorn pear,tea and vegetables,the daily average temperature and precipitation data of 219 regional meteorological automatic stations in western Guizhou were used,as well as daily average temperature,precipitation and evaporation data of Shuicheng,Panzhou and Liuzhi National Meteorological Observatories.The accumulated temperature dryness index was selected as the meteorological drought index to analyze the impact of meteorological drought disaster on characteristic crops.The results showed that the cumulative precipitation in western Guizhou from mid-April to late May,2019 was mostly between 25 mm and 100 mm,which was 40%-85%less than that in the same period of average year,and the spatial distribution of precipitation was uneven.The average temperature of each town was mostly between 17℃and 21℃,which was 0.5-4.5℃higher than that in the same period of average year,and the highest temperature was 25.0℃in Liuzhi Zangke town.The precipitation in Panzhou was 85%less than that in the same period of average year,and its accumulated temperature dryness index was 9.032℃·d/mm.The precipitation in Shuicheng was 70%less than that in the same period of average year,and its accumulated temperature dryness index was 4.493℃·d/mm.The precipitation in Liuzhi is 69%less than that in the same period of average year,and its accumulated temperature dryness index was 3.477℃·d/mm.The drought was the most serious in Panzhou,followed by Shuicheng and Liuzhi.The accumulated temperature dryness index truly reflected the meteorological drought degree in spring of 2019 in western Guizhou.