城镇职工养老保险70年：发展历程与改革取向

文章对70年来我国城镇职工养老保险制度发展历程进行了回顾,认为其主要成就在于制度模式由国家保障模式转变为社会保险模式;建立了世界上规模最大的城镇职工养老保险体系;激发了企业和劳动者活力,为经济体制改革提供了有力保障。然而,现行制度仍面临诸多问题亟待解决:制度功能定位不明确,制度模式未定型;基金自我平衡能力较弱,各参与主体责任边界不清晰;法定退休年龄过早与平均预期寿命延长之间不匹配;管理能力和服务水平有待进一步提高。未来应根据国家治理能力与治理体系现代化的要求,进一步优化养老保险制度设计,坚持以精算平衡为原则,适时延迟法定退休年龄,科学确定和调整养老保险待遇水平,不断提高制度管理能力和服务水平,以不断满足人民群众对养老保险的合理需求。

This paper reviews the development of the endowment insurance system for urban workers in China in the past 70 years,and holds that its main achievements are the transformation of the system model from the national security model to the social insurance model,the establishment of the largest pension insurance system for urban workers in the world,and the stimulation of the vitality of enterprises and workers,which provide a strong guarantee for the reform of economic system.However,the current system still faces many problems which need to be solved urgently,such as the unclear orientation of the system function and the undefined system model;the weak self-balancing ability of the fund and the unclear boundaries of the responsibilities of the participants;the mismatch between the premature statutory retirement age and the prolonged average life expectancy;and the management ability and service level for further improvement.In the future,we should optimize the design of the endowment insurance system according to the requirements of the modernization of the national governance capacity and the governance system,adhere to the principle of actuarial balance,timely postpone the legal retirement age,scientifically determine and adjust the treatment level of the endowment insurance,and continuously improve the management ability and service level in order to continuously meet the people's reasonable demands for endowment insurance.