砌体结构房屋拆除技术进展与展望

Progress and prospect on demolition technology of masonry structures

中国城镇建筑密集区巨量的既有砌体结构因现代化建设而面临着严峻的拆除改造需求.传统的拆除方法如人工和半人工、半机械的拆除等,其拆除效率低、噪声大、粉尘多,拆除材料难以回收利用;典型的现代化技术如爆破拆除等,其危险性大,对周边环境极易产生巨大的噪声和粉尘污染的影响.运用传统和现代单一拆除技术拆除后的建筑通常直接进行填埋,拆除材料难以回收利用,需研发可实现低噪声、少粉尘、高回收拆除废弃物的砌体结构绿色拆除方法与技术.本文对比分析了国内外既有砌体结构常采用的人工法、破碎锤、破碎球、长臂液压剪以及爆破法5种拆除技术,总结了其各自的工作原理、技术优势和应用范围,提出了墙片裁分、吊装、运输、就位至重新拼装的新结构的砌体工业化拆除思路和方法,可为具有较高价值的砌体结构拆除及再利用提供支持.

Large amounts of existing masonry structures in urban construction intensive areas of China are faced with severe demands for demolition and reconstruction.Traditional demolition methods such as manual demolition,semi-manual demolition,and semi-mechanical demolition have problems of low demolition efficiency,high noise,heavy dust,and difficult recycling of demolition materials.Typical modern technologies(e.g.,blasting demolition)are very dangerous and can easily produce huge noise and dust pollution to the surrounding environment.Demolition materials produced solely by traditional and modern demolition technologies are usually directly buried and difficult to be recycled.Therefore,green demolition methods and technologies of masonry structures should be developed to achieve low noise,low dust,and high recycling rate of demolition waste.In this study,five types of demolition techniques domestic and abroad were compared and analyzed,including manual demolition,crushing hammer,crushing ball,hydraulic scissors,and blasting method.The working principles,technical advantages,and application range of the techniques were summarized.The idea and method of dismantling masonry structure of wall cutting,lifting,transportation,and reassembling were proposed,which could provide support for demolishing and reusing masonry structures with high value.