汉魏时期表演艺术的发展及新型艺术形态的形成——以“技艺”与“叙事”的相互关联为视角

The Development of Performing Arts and the Formation of New Art Forms in the Han and Wei Dynasties: From the Perspective of the Interrelation between “Skills” and “Narration”

新型艺术形态是在特定的时代环境和条件中出现的。汉魏六朝时期,宫廷的奢靡之风引发了表演艺术的繁盛,为表演艺术提供了充足的演员;与边疆地区或外域频繁的文化交流丰富了表演艺术的形态;具备叙事特征的说唱、小说为表演艺术提供了融合的机会;乐府专门机构让“技艺”与“叙事”发生关联,直接推动了新型艺术门类的出现。歌舞戏与广场戏剧是这个时期新型艺术形态的标志。二者虽因叙事成分的加强而有别于这个时期较为单纯的歌舞、杂技、魔术、说唱、小说,但因擅长编写故事的文人与擅长表演技艺的艺人之间缺乏合作机缘,更加深入的故事题材还未被引入。

The new artistic form appears in the specific environment and condition of the times.During the Han,Wei and Six Dynasties,the luxury of the imperial court led to the prosperity of performing arts,which provided ample actors for performing arts;frequent cultural exchanges with frontier areas or foreign countries enriched the form of performing arts;rap and novel with narrative characteristics created opportunities for the integration of performing arts;official agencies in the Han Dynasty,Yuefu linked“skills”with“narration”,which directly resulted in the emergence of new art categories.Song and dance drama and square drama are the symbols of the new artistic form in this period.Although they were different from singing and dancing,acrobatics,magic,rap and fiction in this period due to the strengthening of narrative elements,there was no opportunity for the cooperation between the literati who were good at writing stories and the artists good at performing skills,thus the more in-depth story theme had not been introduced.