“晚明风流”的性别因素——以女艺人文人圈形成为中心的考察

The Gender Factors of the Late Ming Dynasty Romance:A Study of the Formation of the Literary Circles of Female Artists

晚明文化与文学独一无二的意蕴可以概之以"晚明风流"。如果说铸就魏晋风度的主要因素是玄学,那么铸就晚明风流的主要因素除性灵思潮之外则是性别--一种取得重大突破的性别关系和性别交游,特别是在文学、艺术领域无处不在的"两性合奏"。晚明青楼女子超卓的才艺,多得益于师从文坛艺苑的名流;晚明的文坛领袖,多为狎妓征歌、纵情欢场的风流领袖;青楼举会的女性社交方式,在晚明是深刻影响文学、艺术的一种重要社会现象;女性赴社,见证文人社集中的女性风流;演剧、观剧、造访、推介、偶遇等方式助益晚明情缘:晚明是文学风流的时代,而成其风流既有文人之风流,也有女性之风流,单一方面而言也就无所谓"晚明风流"。与其它时代不同,性别因素已成为晚明文学之"晚明性"的重要成因。

The unique feature of culture and literature in the late Ming Dynasty can be summarized as"late Ming Dynasty romance". If metaphysics was the main factor that formed the Wei-Jin demeanor, the main factor that formed the late Ming Dynasty romance, besides the spiritual trend, was gender relationship and communication that made a great breakthrough, especially the"both sexes tutti"that was prevailing in the fields of literature and art. In the late Ming Dynasty, the outstanding talents in whorehouses mostly benefited from the celebrities of the literary world. The literary leaders of the late Ming Dynasty were mostly romantic leaders who indulged in sensational pleasures. In the late Ming Dynasty, holding parties was the way of female socialization, it was an important social phenomenon that deeply influenced literature and art. Women went to party to witness their romance in the literati gatherings. Acting,watching, visiting, introducing and encountering fuelled the love affairs or literary relationships in the late Ming Dynasty: the late Ming Dynasty was an era of literary romance, and its romance included both literary romance and sexual romance. Without which, so called"late Ming Dynasty romance"had never existed. Therefore, gender factors constituted fundamentally and distinctively the spirit of the late Ming Dynasty literature.