汉语方言被动标记的复杂性与规律性

Complexity and Regularity of Passive Markers in Chinese Dialects

主动和被动一直是语言研究的热点问题。在汉语中,主动句往往是无标记的,被动句往往是有标记的。自殷商时期至今的三千多年,汉语的被动标记经历多次替换与增加,越来越复杂。这种情况在汉语方言里尤为明显。现代汉语方言被动标记的复杂性体现在:书写形式多样,使用地域不同,语义来源复杂。深入研究则发现,在其复杂表象背后,语法表现上又有着和谐的规律性,即要求施事必须出现在被动标记之后,不能省略。这个规律性与汉语被动标记的历史发展转折是一致的。

The studies of active and passive structures are heated in the language field. Chinese has typical passive markers in the passive sentences whereas no markers in the active ones. The Chinese passive markers have become more and more complex due to many times of their increase and replacement since Yinshang Dynasties. In modern Chinese dialects, the passive markers are characterized by various writing forms, different regions and complicated semantic origin. Hidden these markers exists a harmonious regularity in grammar, that is, an agent is required to follow after its passive marker. This regularity conforms to the historical turning of Chinese passive markers.