自动驾驶汽车编程者的刑事责任——以规定参数进行紧急避险的角度

Criminal Liability of Autonomous Vehicles’ Programmer

在完全自动化的道路交通中,自动驾驶汽车可能遇到紧急避险情形。针对道路交通,自动驾驶汽车的编程者在编程时应在整体上遵循危险最小化和避免碰撞的原则。在极不可能但无法完全排除其可能性的困境情形(自动驾驶汽车只能履行两个义务中的一个)中,编程者为了保护等价利益或乘客的这种利益,不可预先编程去侵害原本安全的第三人,也不可再提出以下根据:他是在极大的精神压力情形中如此而为。无条件地保护乘客这种规则缺乏教义学上的根据。容许的风险或救助利益的"随机数生成器"这类理论也无法提供根据去允许编程者通过紧急避险牺牲无辜的第三人。

In fully automated road traffic, autonomous vehicles may encounter emergency prevention. For road traffic, programmers of autonomous vehicles should follow the principles of minimizing danger and avoiding collisions while programming. In a dilemma that is extremely unlikely but cannot completely rule out its possibility(autonomous vehicles can only perform one of two obligations), the programmer should not program in advance to protect the interests of the equivalent or the passengers and invade the safety of the third party, and offer such excuses like he does this in the case of great mental stress. The rule of unconditionally protecting passengers lacks a doctrinal basis. The theory of "random number generators" that allows for risk or salvage benefits also does not provide the third party who is allowed to sacrifice innocents through emergency prevention.