警察权二元结构的沿革

Evolution of Police Power’s Dual Structure

对警察行政职权与侦查职权二元结构的认识,是理顺公安行政执法与刑事侦查关系的基本前提。二元结构的分化,始于清末司法改革。近代司法制度的产生与治安法规的出现,将二元分别纳入不同的制度体系。民国时期,随着治安法律体系的完善与刑事司法制度的发展,二元形成了相对独立的运作机制。建国后,二元结构继续沿用,但二元集中于同一主体的趋势不断加强。之所以将两种不同性质的权力集中在警察机构内部,是由警察的特殊身份地位决定的。在加强行政执法与刑事司法衔接的背景下,应当遵循二元不同的运作机理,寻求警察权治理的最佳方案。

The cognition of the dual relationship between police administrative power and investigation power is the basic premise to straighten out the cohesive mechanism between public security administration and criminal investigation.The dual division of police power began with the judicial reform in the late Qing dynasty and took shape in the Republic of China,which is still in use today.The duality reflects the different operating mechanisms of police power in the administrative and judicial systems.The two powers are in the hands of the same institution,which is determined by the status of the police as an armed force to maintain public order.This structure has historical legitimacy and realistic rationality.To control police power,a governance plan of power dislocation should be made on the basis of the existing system with respect to the operation rules and characteristics of the two kinds of power.