从抽象到具体——《资本论》的叙述方法

From Abstract to Concrete: The Narrative Method in “Das Kapital”

《资本论》的叙述方法是"从抽象到具体的方法"。本文在对《资本论》中采用的"从抽象到具体的方法"作简要概述的基础上,从利润率是比剩余价值率更具体的概念、平均利润率规律是比价值规律更具体的规律、从产业资本到商业资本、生息资本家的利息和企业主的收入、从企业主的利润和借贷资本家的利息到土地所有者的地租五个方面,具体论述《资本论》第三卷是如何运用"从抽象到具体的方法"的。在《资本论》中,"逻辑和历史相一致的方法",不是指经济范畴按照它们在历史上起决定作用的先后次序安排,而是指对由较不发展的具体到较发展的具体的转变的"抽象思维进程"的叙述与"现实的历史过程"是一致的。

The narrative method in "Das Kapital" is "the method of being from abstract to concrete". Starting with a brief overview on the method of moving from abstract to concrete which has been adopted in "Das Kapital", this article also focused on how this method was exactly employed in the third volume of "Das Kapital" in terms of five aspects: the profit margin is more specific than the surplus value rate concept;the law of the average profit margin is better than the rule of law of value and more specific;from the industrial capital into commercial capital;the interest of the capitalists and entrepreneurs of revenues;profits from the business owners and capitalists lending interest to landowners rent. In"Das Kapital", the "logical and historical method" does not mean that the economic categories are arranged according to the order in which they have played a decisive role in history, but that the description of the "process of abstract thinking" of the transition from the less developed concrete to the more developed concrete is consistent with the "actual historical process".