战后日本自我认识的深层结构——以“战败后论”“二次战败论”“永续战败论”为线索

The Deep Structure of Japan’s Postwar Self-consciousness:Japan’s Views of “Defeat in WWⅡ”, “the Second Defeat” and “the Perpetual Defeat”

1997年,加藤典洋以“战败后论”为题,提示了日本“战后”话语的延续,揭示出战后日本社会的“扭曲性结构”。1998年,江藤淳撰写《二次战败》一书,指出日本面对美国再度经历一场“战败”,如何脱离美国、谋求自身独立成为日本反思与批判战后自我的重要问题。2013年,白井聪提出“永续战败论”,将日本“战败”上升到国家认同与文化心理的层次,突出了日本面对“战败”的逻辑悖论与病理构造。2015年,绪形康以日本与中国为对象重提“二次战败论”,就面对走向复兴的中国,日本将走向何处、将如何与中国交往进行了阐释。审视“战败后论”“二次战败论”“永续战败论”,其背后潜藏着“自我—他者”的二元性的对立、对抗的思维结构,突显了战后日本“不可再败”的话语结构与强化国家主体意识的自我认识,同时也昭示出日本的对外认识之中始终存在着“中心与边缘”的全球化或地缘化的思维结构,或将对21世纪的中日关系产生根本性的深远影响。

In his“On Japan after Its Defeat in WWII”published in 1997,Norihiro Kato shed light on the“twisted structure”of Japanese society,revealing the continuation of the postwar discourse.In the“Second Defeat”published in 1998,Jun Etōpointed out that Japan was undergoing a second defeat under the dominance of U.S.,arguing that how to“break away from U.S.and achieve the independence”become a crucial issue of Japan’s postwar self-reflection and self-criticism.In 2013,Hitoshi Shirai proposed his“Perpetual Defeat”view,exploring the“Japanese Defeat”from the perspective of national identity and cultural psychology and highlighting its logical paradox and pathological structure.In 2015,with the rise of China,KōOgata proposed again the view of“the Second Defeat”,focusing on how Japan should deal with China.Behind the view of“Japan’s Defeat in WWII”,“the second defeat”and“the perpetual defeat”lies a latent“self-others”binary opposites,highlighting the discourse structure that in the postwar era“Japan can’t be defeated again”and the self-consciousness of strengthening national subjectivity.The discourse shows that there always exists a geopolitical paradoxical thinking structure in Japan’s understanding of its relations with China and other countries,which is expected to exert a fundamental influence on Sino-Japanese relations in the 21st century.