论违宪与违法的差异：形式与因果

On Difference between Unconstitutionality and Illegality: Form, Cause and Effect

在逻辑学的视域内,违宪与违法是两个具有独特内涵和外延的不同概念,二者的逻辑关系是矛盾关系而非包含、同一关系,即违宪和违法在外延上并不重合且共同构成“违反实证法”的全部外延。违宪与违法的差异可以从评价过程和评价结果两个维度进行辨析,前者主要包括评价主体、评价对象、评价依据、评价要素、评价程序及评价空间等六项指标;后者则由社会危害性程度与责任形式两个指标组成。违宪与违法的差异决定了在体制上应将“宪法和法律委员会”一分为二,成立专司合宪性审查的宪法委员会,并以此为基础,在合宪性审查程序上实现“统一立案、统一回复和统一审查”。在实践层面,合宪性审查委员会应对宪法作出合理解释,实现各类宪法价值的最大化及合宪性审查标准的类型化,并在程序运行方面以公开、透明为原则。

The unconstitutionality and illegality are two different concept with their own connotation and denotation.The logical relationship of the two concepts is contradictory rather than inclusive or identical.The difference between unconstitutionality and illegality can be analyzed from two dimensions,namely evaluation process and evaluation result.The former includes evaluation subject,evaluation object,evaluation basis,evaluation elements,evaluation procedure,evaluation space,while the latter includes the degree of hazard to society and form of liability.The differences between the two concepts indicates the necessity of founding constitutional committee and law committee.The constitutional committee bears responsibility of constitutional supervision which includes registration,response and review of the constitution.In practice the constitutional committee should give reasonable interpretation of the constitution,maximize constitutional values,standardize the constitutional supervision procedure and abide by the doctrine of publicity and transparency.