重塑公共的立法实践:卢梭对柏拉图政治哲学的转述

The Legislation Reshaping the Publicity: Rousseau’s Development of Plato’s Political Philosophy

卢梭的理想共和国与柏拉图的理想国相呼应,在这个国度中自然是最高的立法者,人民遵从自然的限度,节制、理性和勇敢在城邦中共存。卢梭的理想立法者拥有柏拉图所说的王者的技艺和最高的智慧,既通晓人类的情感却又能够排除情感的干扰,同时能以正义为准则改良风俗却又能照顾个体的功利。卢梭对纯善和政治理念的追求使得他对民主政体的讨论与柏拉图达成了一致。同时,卢梭又如同晚年柏拉图,从理念回到现实,对次优城邦的政体和立法进行务实的论证。卢梭将公意视为“次优城邦”中最高立法智慧的替代者、正义和神在现实中的代言者,并围绕着公意进行了迄今为止让一些读者敬畏、让另一些读者自认为通晓的社会契约的制度设计。

Rousseau s ideal republic echoes Plato s utopia,in which nature is the supreme legislator,the people follow the limit life of nature,temperance,rationality and courage coexist.Rousseau s ideal legislator possesses the craft and the highest wisdom mentioned by Plato,which enables the legislator to understand emotions while eliminating emotional interference,to promote justice while realizing individual goods.Rousseau s quest for pureness and political ideas leads him to agreeing with Plato s philosophy.Moreover,like Plato in his later years,Rousseau returns from ideals to reality and begins to demonstrate the polity and legislation of the sub-optimal polis pragmatically.Rousseau regards public opinion as a substitute for the highest legislative wisdom in such polis,which has carried out the institutional design of the social contract.