现代公共行政发展背景下公私法区分的相对化——以日本为例

Relative Differentiation of Public and Private Law under the Circumstances of Modern Public Administrative Development:A Case Study of Japan

日本传统行政法学以公私法二元区分理论为基本出发点,以保障公共利益的实现为目的,强调行政活动的公益性以及行政法的公法特性,排斥私法在行政活动领域的适用。但在“二战”后,在新的《日本国宪法》下重新构建了行政法律体系,在行政实践方面,随着现代社会的发展,公共行政的职能范围随之扩大,参与行政活动的主体逐渐增多,活动的手段也日益复杂化、多样化。这些变化使得公私法二元区分理论失去了制度依据和实践基础,呈现出相对化的趋势。对此,日本的行政法学者对传统的公私法二元区分理论进行了反思和批判,在提出“公私法三分论”的基础上,提出了“公私法相对论”“公私法一元论”“依据实定法判断论”等有关公私法区分的新理论。基于这些新理论,现代行政法学的调整对象、行政主体的范围、行政活动的方式等被逐渐扩大,由此也进一步促进了公私法区分的相对化。

Traditional Japanese administrative law starts from a theory of public and private law dichotomy,adheres to the purpose of public interest security,emphasizes the public interest of administrative activities and the public law nature of administrative law,and rejects the application of private law in administrative activities.Following World War II,new Japanese Constitution was passed,constructing a new system of administrative law,expanding the functions of public administration with the development of modern society as more and more subjects are involved and the means of activities are increasingly complex and diversified.These changes undermine the institutional grounding and practice basis for the dichotomy theory of public and private law and moves the contrast towards relative differentiation.Japanese administrative law scholars have made reflections and criticisms on the traditional dichotomy theory and proposed the tripartite theory of“Relative Theory of Public and Private Law”,“One-set Theory of Public and Private Law”,and“Judgment Theory Based on Positive(Statute)Law”.According to these new theories,the adjusted subjects of modern administrative law,the scope of administrative subjects,and the means of administrative activities are gradually expanded,hence facilitating the relative differentiation of public and private law.