全球化与跨国公司的转型

GLOBALIZATION AND TRANSFORMATION OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS

自19世纪以来,跨国公司在业务和组织方面不断演变。在全球化时代,跨国公司已经改变了对全球市场的看法以及在战略和结构上的做法。在这个过程中,跨国公司面临着在战略和组织结构方面存在的"全球整合"和"本地回应"之间的矛盾。为了解决这一矛盾,各发达国家的跨国公司通过同步开展并购和资产出售以不断聚焦核心业务,对全球不同地点的价值链职能和活动实施差异化管理,以及在公司治理层面表现出了显著的标准化、加强学习以及持续改进能力。当今的全球化开放了新的市场,为企业实现规模经济、范围经济提供了可能性,也使企业在世界范围内面临相关制度复杂性的投挑战。不过,跨国公司在世界范围内有效地整合了运营和组织,让它们得以进入新的市场并服务全球消费者。同时,跨国公司可以从制度多样化中有所获益,并且把差异转化为优势。

Since the 19th century, transnational corporations have been continuously evolving in terms of business and organization. In the era of globalization began in the late 1970s, multinational corporations have changed their view of global markets and their strategic and structural approach. In this process, multinational corporations face the contradiction between "global integration" and "local response" in terms of strategy and organizational structure. To solve this contradiction, the multinational corporations in various developed countries continuously focus on core business through synchronous mergers and acquisitions and asset sales, differentiate the value chain functions and activities in different locations around the world, and show remarkable standardization, learning and continuous improvement ability in the field of corporate governance. At present, globalization opens up new markets, provides possibility for enterprises to realize scale economy and scope economy, and makes the enterprise face the complexity of relevant system all over the world. However, multinational corporations have effectively integrated their operations and organizations around the world, allowing them to enter new markets and serve global consumers. At the same time, multinational corporations can benefit from institutional diversification and turn differences into advantages.