试论古汉语语言现象的消失与遗存——以程度副词“伤”为例

Disappearance and Legacy of Language Phenomena in Ancient Chinese: Take the Degree Adverb Shang( 伤 ) for Instance

语言演变会导致部分语言现象消失,探讨其中的原因有利于揭示语言演变的规律。汉语方言材料能为古汉语语言现象消失的原因探讨提供佐证。程度副词"伤"从动词"伤"演化而来,其语义演化路径是:[伤害/使受伤]>[损害/损伤]>[失之于]>[太/过于]。程度副词"伤"在魏晋南北朝时期逐渐形成,到宋末逐渐消失,它是过量程度副词的边缘成员,在与"太""过"等典型成员的竞争中被淘汰。程度副词"伤"在汉语方言里还大量存在,有些成了程度副词的典型成员,有些与"太"在句法位置或语义上互补,这是它们得以保留的主要原因。

Language evolution will lead to the disappearance of some linguistic phenomena.To explore the reasons for the disappearance of linguistic phenomena is conducive to the study of the law of language evolution.The study of Chinese dialects can provide circumstantial evidence for the study of disappearance of ancient Chinese language phenomena.The degree adverb shang(伤)evolves from the verb shang.The degree adverb shang gradually formed in Wei and Jin dynasties,and gradually disappeared in the late Song dynasty.Shang is the marginal member of the degree adverb,which is eliminated in the competition with the typical members such as tai(太)and guo(过).The degree adverb shang still exists in a large number of Chinese dialects.Some of them become typical members of the degree adverb,and some complement of tai in semantic or syntactic position,which is the main reason for their retention.