小型露天采石场职业病危害调查与防治对策

Investigation of occupational hazards in small open-pit quarries and countermeasures

目的分析小型露天采石场的职业病危害现况,为其职业病防治提供依据。方法以2014-2017年北京市化工职业病防治院职业病危害评价报告中涉及的广东、河北2省10家不同地区小型露天采石场为调查对象,采用职业卫生现场调查、职业卫生检测等方法,对其职业病危害因素的种类、作业场所分布及职业病防护设施进行调查分析,并对主要工种和作业场所职业病危害因素的浓(强)度进行检测与分析。归纳超标作业岗位的分布规律、超标原因、职业病危害因素关键控制点及其控制措施。结果小型露天采石场存在的主要职业病危害因素为粉尘和噪声,粉尘游离SiO2含量均在10%以上,应以矽尘评价。在正常生产情况下个体检测结果显示,劳动者接触矽尘(总尘)时间加权平均浓度(CTWA)为0.1~4.1 mg/m3,矽尘(呼尘)CTWA为0.1~2.2 mg/m3,除挖掘机司机接触的总尘、呼尘和自卸车司机接触的呼尘外,其他各工种接触的矽尘浓度均有不同程度的超标现象。作业场所检测结果显示,矽尘总尘超限倍数为0.3~25.2,呼尘超限倍数为0.1~13.8,各主要作业场所均有超标现象。噪声检测结果显示,各岗位个体噪声声级为64.5~97.1 dB(A),除自卸车司机外,各岗位作业人员接触的噪声均存在超标现象。结论小型露天采石场职业病危害严重,应从工程技术措施、个体防护、职业卫生管理和职业健康监护等方面加强综合治理,减少其对工人的职业危害。

Objective To analyze the current situation of occupational hazards in small open-pit quarries and provide evidence for its prevention and treatment of occupational diseases. Methods Ten small open-pit quarries in different regions in Guangdong and Hebei provinces covered by the 2014-2017 Occupational Disease Hazard Assessment Report were selected as survey objects.Occupational health field investigation and occupational health testing were used to investigate the types of occupational hazards,workplace distribution and occupational disease prevention facilities. The concentration and intensity of occupational disease hazards in the main work type and workplace were tested and analyzed,and the distribution rules of over-standard jobs,the reasons for exceeding the standard,the critical control points of occupational hazards and their control measures are summarized were summarized. Results The main occupational hazards in small open-pit quarries were dust and noise. The free SiO2 content of dust was above 10%,which should be evaluated as silica dust. Under normal production conditions,the individual test results showed that the time-weighted average concentration(CTWA) of workers exposed to silica dust(total dust) was 0.1-4.1 mg/m3,and the CTWAof silica dust(respiratory dust) was 0.1-2.2 mg/m3. Except for the total dust,respiratory dust contacted by the drivers of excavators and respiratory dust contacted by drivers of dump trucks,the concentration of silica dust which the other types of work were exposed to exceeded the standard at different degrees. The test result of the workplace showed that the silica dust(total dust) excursion limits were 0.3-25.2,the respiratory dust excursion limits were 0.1-13.8,and all major workplaces had exceeded the standard. The noise detection results showed that individual noise levels of posts were 64.5-97.1 dB(A). Except for the dump truck drivers,the exceeding standard results of noise intensity were found in the exposed workers in all positions. Conclusion The occupational hazards in open-pit quarries are serious. Comprehensive management should be strengthened from engineering and technical measures,personal protection,occupational health management and occupational health monitoring to reduce their occupational hazards to workers.