阶层流动的“双刃剑”效应及其心理机制

The “Double-Edged Sword” Effect of Class Mobility and its Psychological Mechanism

阶层流动是指人们在社会分层体系中相对位置的变化。人们普遍预期,向上流动促进个体发展和社会进步。然而近期研究也表明,向上流动还可能损害个体健康和主观幸福感,使人们低估和容忍社会不平等,并反对再分配。文化适应论、分离论、地位认同、贫富归因倾向以及系统公正信念能够解释阶层流动的"双刃剑"效应。未来研究需要进一步澄清阶层流动感知的具体表现,深入考察阶层流动影响的心理机制,探索促进阶层流动积极效应发挥的干预方法。

Class mobility refers to the change of individual’s relative rank in a hierarchical society.Upward class mobility is widely believed to bring benefit to both individuals and societies.However,recent research has evidenced that upward class mobility has negative effects as well.In this review,we focus on the"double-edged sword"(i.e.,both positive and negative)effect of class mobility and its psychological mechanisms on individual and society.At the individual level,people(especially for those lower-class members)would experience the cost of health and subjective well-being as a result of upward mobility.The acculturation thesis and dissociative thesis concerned and explained the positive and negative effect of upward class mobility,respectively.However,the status-based identity framework provided an integrated view for explaining the"double-edged sword"effect of class mobility.Specifically,upward class mobility would generate status-based identity uncertainties,which were circumstances that led people to question and feel uncertain about their own identities.This kind of identity challenges would harm health and subjective well-being of individuals.At the societal level,the experience and perception of upward class mobility would lead people to underestimate and even tolerate social inequality,as well as be less likely to support redistribution policies.The societal effect of class mobility could be explained with internal attribution for the rich-poor gap as well as system justification belief.Specifically,when perceived higher class mobility,people might have greater tendency to internal attribution rather than external attribution of unequal wealth redistribution,which would lead people to less support redistribution policies.In addition,class mobility belief has also been conceptualized as a system-justifying ideology due to its focus on procedural fairness,that is,people believe that they are able to move up or down in a social hierarchy.Thus,class mobility perception is associated with more tolerance of social inequality and lower redistribution preferences.The study of class mobility and its influence is in the ascendant,and there are many points for further study.Firstly,the performance of class mobility perception in China should be clarified.As a result of increasing social inequality,people’s perception of class mobility may be threatened.In addition,methods of class mobility measures remains a matter of some debate,thus further research is needed to investigate the applicability of such measurement methods in China while improving the measurement methods.Secondly,future study should also focus on other psychological mechanisms of the effect of class mobility.For instance,we argue that class mobility would increase individual’s competitive and individualism preferences,which would lead to more self-interested motivations.Consequently,the competitive preference aroused by class mobility would be associated with more social isolation,as well as less support of redistribution policies.Lastly,future study should also explore interventions that could minimize the negative effects of class mobility.For example,a coherent and evolved status-based identity can be established with identity-based interventions,which can support individual’s health and well-being.Furthermore,some strategies(e.g.,inequality frames and similarity focus)would be helpful to increase individual’s redistribution preferences as well.