自闭症儿童对情景事件的情绪理解：基于内隐和外显的测量

Understanding Emotion in Situation among Children with Autism: Based on Implicit and Explicit Measurements

该研究旨在采用生态效度更高的情景事件以及内隐和外显两种测量方式考察自闭症儿童的情绪理解。选取自闭症和智商匹配的正常儿童各21名,以序列图片的方式呈现从动画片中截取的不同效价的情景事件,外显任务要求被试直接判断事件主角的情绪、内隐任务要求被试判断事件的一致性。结果发现:1.在外显任务中,自闭症儿童对正性和负性情绪的判断正确率均显著不如正常儿童,尤其是在负性情绪上存在明显的理解缺陷;2.在内隐任务中,自闭症儿童的正性情绪,和正常儿童的正性负性情绪一样,都表现出更弱的相对于中性情绪的理解效应;但他们对负性情绪的理解在两种任务中都接近于无。这些结果意味着自闭症儿童在外显和内隐任务中都存在负性情绪理解缺陷。

With regard to the deficits in emotion understanding,previous studies have obtained inconclusive and mixed findings.Moreover,most previous studies focus on face emotion recognition.They commonly use isolated facial expressions and ask participants to recognize the emotion.Nevertheless,in real-world interactions,individuals are unlikely to encounter a face without any social context and to be asked directly which emotion someone feels.Implicit processing of emotions is an important component of social interaction.Therefore,this study aims to use materials of continuously developing emotional situations with higher ecological validity and both implicit and explicit measurements to investigate the emotion understanding ability of autistic children.Twenty-one autistic children and 21 IQ-matched typically developing children(TDC)participated the experiment.In explicit task,materials were emotional situations selected from cartoons that children were familiar with.Each situation contained a sequence of 4 pictures describing one character and a simple situation.According to 20 undergraduates’rating of valence and arousal,these emotional situations were divided into 3 categories of valence:positive,negative,and neutral.In implicit task,the 4 th picture of each sequence was replaced by a new picture of the same character but different situation,creating an inconsistent picture sequence.Materials in implicit task contained these inconsistent picture sequences as well as the original consistent sequences.Two groups of children completed both explicit and implicit tasks with 1 week apart.The order of tasks was counter-balanced.In explicit task(emotion judgment),each participant was presented with consistent emotional situations randomly and asked to judge whether the protagonists’emotion was happy,unhappy or unknown.In implicit task(consistency judgment),participants were presented with emotional situations randomly(half were inconsistent)and asked to judge whether the 4 pictures described the same situation.Results showed that:(1)In explicit task,the accuracy of emotion judgment in positive and negative situations for autistic children was significantly lower than that for TDC.Especially in negative situations,there was a significant deficit in emotion understanding for autistic children;(2)In implicit tasks,for both groups,the accuracy of consistency judgment in positive situations was significantly higher than that of neutral and negative situations;(3)The emotion understanding effects were calculated by subtracting the accuracy of neutral situation from that of positive or negative situations.The effect of positive situations for both groups and that of negative situations for TDC became weaker in implicit task.However,the effect of negative situations for autistic children was not different between explicit and implicit tasks(close to 0).To conclude,the findings of this study indicate that:in the emotional situations presented in sequence pictures,there are deficits in understanding negative emotion in both explicit and implicit tasks for autistic children.The present study provides new evidence and a new methodological perspective for exploring the emotion understanding among children with autism.