旅游者环境质量感知的时空偏差

Spatial and temporal bias of tourists’ perception of environmental quality

环境质量评价研究多为客观、专业化评价,较少从常人角度测量居民或游客对环境质量的评价或感知。而常人的评价可能影响其环境行为,进而促进环境保护。通过调查北京、上海、海南三地游客对居住地、旅游目的地、全国三个空间尺度以及当前、未来两个时间尺度的环境质量感知,分析旅游者环境质量感知的时空偏差。研究发现:(1)受访旅游者当前环境质量感知与全国相比存在乐观偏差,即"空间乐观";与旅游目的地相比却是悲观倾向,即认为居住地环境质量不如旅游目的地;未来环境质量感知存在明显的乐观倾向,即"时间乐观"。(2)各省市旅游者对当前环境质量感知存在差异,与客观环境质量评价(EQI值)对比,安徽等8个省份的旅游者相对乐观,北京等7个省市旅游者则相对悲观;各省市旅游者未来环境质量感知的乐观偏差程度也存在差异。

Environmental quality assessment research is mostly based on objective and professional evaluation, and it is less common to measure the evaluation or perception of environmental quality by residents or tourists. Ordinary people’s evaluation may affect their environmental behavior, and thus promote environmental protection. This study investigates the spatial and temporal bias of tourists’ perceptions of environmental quality by the environmental quality perceptions of residents, destinations, national spatial scales and current and future time scales in Beijing, Shanghai and Hainan. Some valid questionnaires were collected in Beijing(293), Shanghai(281), and Hainan(296). Data were processed using twoway mixed analysis of variance, one-sample T test, and one-way ANOVA. The study found that:(1) The current environmental quality perception of the surveyed tourists is optimistic bias compared with the whole country, that is, "spatial optimism"(the F value of the two-way mixed variance analysis is 101.09, P value<0.001, f2=0.20). Compared with the destination, it is pessimistic(P=0.005, difference=-0.079), which means that the environmental quality of the place of residence is not as good as that of the tourism destination. There is a clear optimistic tendency for the future environmental quality perception, that is, "temporal optimism"(the future environment quality of the place of residence, mean=0.51, P<0.001;destination future environmental quality, mean=0.55, P<0.001;national future environmental quality, mean=0.46,P<0.001).(2) Tourists in different provinces and cities have different perceptions of current environmental quality. Compared with objective environmental quality assessment(EQI value),tourists in 8 provinces such as Anhui are relatively optimistic, and tourists from 7 provinces and cities such as Beijing are relatively pessimistic. There are also differences in the degree of optimistic bias in the perception of the future environmental quality of tourists. Tourists in Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, and Shaanxi provinces are more optimistic about the future environmental quality, while those in Guangdong, Guangxi, Beijing and other provinces and cities are less optimistic.