基于历史认识层级标准的考生水平评价及教学建议——以2019年高考（天津卷）文科综合历史部分为例

Evaluating Examinee on the Standard of Historical Cognition and Teaching Suggestions: Taking 2019 NMET History Paper (Tianjin Volume) as an Example

"以史为鉴"即总结历史经验教训用以指导现实的实践,是历史学的重要社会价值。历史经验教训的总结源于历史认识,历史认识的出发点和归宿点都是现实。本文从学生的认知维度研制高中生历史认识能力层级标准,并据此对2019年天津市历史学科普通高中应届高考考生水平进行分析,评价考生所达到的学习水平。透过考生作答状况反思高中历史教学,提出"反思历史教学理念,实现从知识本位到素养与能力立意的转变"等教学建议。

"Taking history as a mirror", that is, historical experience and lessons are summed up to guide the practice of reality. It is an important social value of history. The summary of historical experience and lessons originates from History cognition, which comes from the reality and also guides the reality. And it is necessary to put forward the standard for senior high school students’ historical cognitive ability, which could be a tool to evaluate the ability of examinee for 2019 NMET History Paper of Tianjin. Based on that, some teaching suggestions are offered, such as rethinking the concept of history teaching, realizing the transformation from knowledge standard to literacy and ability standard.