东汉“交友论”文体写作论析——以《交际》《绝交论》为例

An Analysis of the Writing Style of the Theories of Friendship in the Eastern Han Dynasty——Taking Communication and Ending a Friendship as an Example

交友论的文章写作始于东汉,王符《交际》和朱穆《绝交论》为其卓越代表。王符、朱穆以儒家道德伦理学说审视与批判东汉趋势游利的交际现实,展示了东汉儒士的个性自觉与主体精神。骈体《交际》是东汉经学家散文的正体,其文体特征主要体现在语言表达上,具体包括:用典繁多、骈散兼用、巧用对偶以及多种修辞手法的联合使用。对问体《绝交论》则是汉末经学家散文的变体,对问式表达富含质疑、问难之意,同时传达出两种不同且互相争论的声音,在差异中探求真理,凸显东汉清流士人的精神风貌。汉魏六朝交友论文章家族庞大,其中富含文体创新元素。

The writing about theories of friendship originates in Eastern Han Dynasty,and Wang Fu’s“Communication”and Zhu Mu’s“Ending a Friendship”are the outstanding representative works of them.Wang Fu and Zhu Mu exert Confucian moral ethics to examine and criticize the status quo of making friends to climb to a higher social class in Eastern Han Dynasty,which embodies the individual consciousness and subjective spirit of the Confucian scholars Eastern Han Dynasty.Written in parallel prose,a typical writing style named Pianwen in Eastern Han Dynasty,“Communication”’s stylistic features are mainly reflected in its employment of various rhetoric devices such as allusion and antithesis as well as its combination of Pianwen(parallel prose)and Sanwen(prose).As a variant of Confucian scholars’s proses in late Han,“Ending a Friendship”flows freely with the circles of questioning and answering,whose expressions are full of doubts and questions.Meanwhile,it also highlights the spiritual outlook of intellectuals in Eastern Han Dynasty with two voices who argue with each other but seek truth in differences.The writing about theories of friendship flourishes in Han,Wei,and Six Dynasties,which contains abundant elements about style innovation.