法律如何可能?——自动驾驶技术风险场景之法律透视

How is the Law Possible? Risk Scenarios of Autonomous Driving and Its Legal Analysis

自动驾驶技术的融合带来了参与主体与行为主体多元化、因果链条的延长与责任界限的模糊等问题,形成了"没有马车夫的马车"与责任真空、人机共驾与掌控悖论、两难困境与编程迷局三大典型的自动驾驶技术风险场景。以法律与科技融合的视角对自动驾驶技术风险场景进行法律透视,聚焦其中法律与科技的冲突关系,可以得出以下应对新兴交通风险场景的法律方案与基础性思考:随着自动驾驶技术的进一步融合及该技术级别的提高,自动驾驶系统将扮演交通法律关系的重要角色,责任框架的重心应向该驾驶系统的掌控者转移。与自动驾驶系统技术自主性伴生的是极端偶发不可预见的风险,对此应引入可允许的风险理论,以衡平自动驾驶技术风险与科技创新、社会整体福祉提升与个体利益保护之间的紧张关系。

The convergence of different autonomous driving technologies come along with the issues of multiple actors, prolonged causation chains and the ambiguity of responsibility boundary, which causes three typical risk scenarios of autonomous driving, namely the scenario of cart without chauffeur and the liability vacuum, co-operation of wheel and control dilemma, and the trolley problem and program labyrinth. The Article aims to describe these risk scenarios and disclose the legal and technological issues behind them, in order to find a methodological solution to solve the tension between the law and the technology reflected in these risk scenarios. With the enhancement of autonomous driving technology the autonomous driving system will take a core role in the traffic legal relationship and the liability will shift to the controller of autonomous driving system. Because the autonomy of the self-learning system renders the rare risk unforeseeable, it is necessary to introduce the theory of admissible risk to balance the tension between the autonomous driving development and technology innovation, as well as the tension between the whole social welfare and the interests protection of individuals.