维特根斯坦的语言唯心主义

Wittgenstein’s Linguistic Idealism

作为西方语言哲学的奠基人之一,维特根斯坦的许多讨论涉及语言与现实的关系。以安斯康姆为代表的部分语言哲学家将维氏的相关论点归结为是一种“语言唯心主义”,而马尔康姆等学者则竭力驳斥这种提法。本文在把维氏思想放在西方哲学传统中进行对比审视的基础上,力图厘清这场论战中的矛盾节点,同时围绕“生活形式”“社会规约”“语言游戏”等概念论证在维氏后期的哲学中的确存在一种融汇着反实在论并中和自然主义的建构论思想。在将维氏的世界观与传统意义上以心理过程、精神实体为主导的唯心主义加以区别之后,这一思想可以被称为是一种“语言唯心主义”。

As one of the founders of western philosophy of language,Wittgenstein concerns himself with the relation between language and reality.Many philosophers of language,represented by Anscombe,sum up Wittgenstein’s relevant viewpoints as“linguistic idealism”,which scholars like Malcolm,however,dismiss as a misnomer.Against the backdrop of western philosophical tradition and centered on such Wittgensteinian notions as“life-form”,“normativity”and“language game”,this paper attempts to clarify the controversy in the debate and to argue that there is indeed an anti-realist and naturalist element of constructivism in Wittgenstein’s later philosophy.This element,when distinguished from traditional idealism founded on psychological process and mental entities,can be properly termed“linguistic idealism”.