论中国现代水利起源——从水行政体系与科技变革的视角

On the origin of modern water conservancy——from the perspective of water administration system and technological change

淮河、黄河两大河流相继于1851年和1855年大改道,2000多年的漕运走到尽头,水利面临前所未有的困局,也走到了历史转折点。本文以筛选出的具有标志意义的事件,从社会和自然因素各层面,对中国水利从古代到现代的转折作出时间定位;并指出古代国家水行政管理的核心架构,随着20世纪初期漕运体系的解体走向终结。自19世纪中叶至1920年代,河口海岸水道管理事权的旁落,到长江、黄河、海河、珠江流域机构的成立,形成了现代水利起源和早期发展的基本脉络。以1930年代的统一水政为标志,中国现代水利完成了奠基。

In 1851 and 1855,two major rivers,the Huaihe River and the Yellow River,were successively diverted.The diversion led to the end of Caoyun,which relied on the canal transport,and had operated for 2000 years.The water conservancy was falling into an unprecedented predicament,as well as being in the historical turning point.Based on selecting symbolic events,the paper tries to find out the time cut-off point between ancient water conservancy and modern water conservancy,from the social and natural factors.At last,the thesis points out:the core architecture of water administration in ancient China had come to an end,along with the disintegration of canal transport system in the early twentieth century.From the middle of nineteenth century to 1920 s,China had lost its estuarine and coastal governmental authorities.Therewith the river basin authorities,such as the ChangjiangWater Resources Committee,the Yellow River Conservancy Commission,the Haihe River Commission,and the Pearl River Water Resources Commission were set up.These events constitute the origin and early development of modern water conservancy.Finally,marked by the unification of water administration in 1930 s,Chinese modern water conservancy has laid a foundation.