清华简与晋文公重耳出亡系年及史事新探

A New Exploration of the Historical Facts and the Chronological Order of Duke Wen of Jin’Exile on the Basis of the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips

传世文献记载晋文公重耳出亡经历八国凡十九年,但对于史家所关心的重耳经历八国的具体年代以及历经该国时发生之史事,史书记载或语焉不详,或相互抵牾。近年来公布的子犯编钟铭文、清华简贰《系年》、清华简柒《子犯子余》等新资料,有助于我们厘清相关年代及史事。结合新资料,关于重耳逃亡的路线之诸说,当从《国语》;"五鹿乞食"与"卫文公不礼"不在同一年;居齐当从《史记》凡五年说;司马迁将"及宋"与泓之战相联系,无据不可从,而《国语》《左传》所载可信;《韩非子》有"入秦三年"说,新公布的清华简柒《子犯子余》"救活"了这一孤证,居秦三年说可信。通过这些考证,可对传世文献所载重耳出亡诸国之记载的史料价值进行评估。

The literature handed down from ancient times records that Duke Wen of Jin spent nineteen years in exile in eight countries.But when did he go into exile in a specific country and what happened during his exile in this country?Historical records are either unclear or contradictory about these issues.New materials published in recent years,such as the Zifan bells,the Tsinghua bamboo slips Xinian (《系年》)and Zifanziyu(《子犯 子 余》),are helpful for us to clarify the relevant dates and historical events.In light of the new information,Chonger’s escape route was most accurately recorded in Guoyu(《国语》),while the two events of Chonger begging for food in Wulu and being rude to Duke Wen of Wei didn’t happen in the same year.According to the Records of the Grand Historian(《史记》),he lived in the State of Qi for five years.Sima Qian mistakenly believed that the war of Hong took place when Chonger passed through the State of Song,and the records of Guoyuand Zuozhuan(《左传》)are correct.It is recorded in Hanfeizi(《韩非子》)that Chonger stayed in the State of Qin for three years,which has been confirmed by the newly published Tsinghua bamboo slips Zifanziyu.Through these textual research,we can evaluate the value of historical materials handed down from ancient times with regard to Chonger’s exile in various countries.