董其昌“坐失执政意”真实原因探考

Research on the Real Reasons for Dongqichang’s Causeless Political Defeat

董其昌于万历戊戌年(1598年)出任皇长子朱常洛讲官,时隔数月就出人意料地"坐失执政意"。"雅善盘礡"之弹劾只是表面借口,深层原因与朝廷内部政治斗争有着必然关联。万历辛卯年(1591年)八月的"争国本"事件,激化了申时行与董其昌座师许国之间的矛盾,二人致仕后党争局面初步形成,为董氏"坐失执政意"埋下政治隐患。万历丁酉年(1597年),许国的另一位学生焦竑受到政敌诬陷而引发"科场案"。这次政治斗争暗示董其昌"坐失执政意"应属必然结局。"雅善盘礡"之弹劾亦可作为当今学界对董其昌"朝服山人"形象误解之根源所在。此种理解忽视了其虽"逸其身"却"不悖于道"的士大夫品质。

Dongqichang served as mentor of the first prince Zhu Changluo in 1598 during the Wanli Period.But only after a few months,he unexpectedly lost this important position.The impeachment that his devotion in art undermines his duty of political teaching(Ya Shan Pan Bo)is only a superficial excuse.The real cause is inextricably linked with the internal political struggles within the imperial court.The"competition of the prince"occurred in August 1591 intensified the conflict between Shen Shixing and Xu Guo,the latter is Dong Qichang’s political tutor.After the two retired,the contradiction of different parties deepened,which made the situation complex for Dong.In 1597,another student of Xu Guo,Jiao Hong was defiled by political opponents and triggered the"exam fraud case".This political struggle suggested that Dong Qichang’s fall should be inevitable.For a long time,the impeachment(Ya Shan Pan Bo)is the cause of the misunderstanding of Dong Qichang’s"Chaofushanren(a pure artist in official uniform)"image in academic circles.This paper reveals the master’s true quality as a scholar-official who was"not very keen to political power"but"loyal to ruling principles and his own philosophy".